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Recruitment Essay Example

Enlistment Essay Endorsement to be Signed by the Candidate Appendix F Declaration to be Signed by the Candidate Selected for Training for Grant of Commission Appendix G Bond to be Signed by the Parent/Guardian and the Candidate Selected Appendix H Agreement to be Signed by the Candidate Selected for Grant of Commission Appendix J Service Subjects FOREWORD 1. These directions have been explicitly gathered for up-and-comers chose as student officials and joining Indian Naval Academy, Ezhimala for their abdominal muscle initio preparing. They contain rules to encourage your smooth progress into the preparation condition of the Indian Naval Academy and further on into the Indian Navy. 2. The Indian Naval Academy is situated at Ezhimala in the Kannur (Cannanore) District of Kerala, which shapes a piece of its North Malabar locale. The Indian Naval Academy is a national renowned task which was initiated by Dr. Manmohan Singh, the Honorable Prime Minister of India on 08 January 2009. The Academy is the chief preparing foundation of the Indian Navy directing fundamental preparing for all officials being accepted into the Navy under different plans. 3. Settled between the impressive Mount Dilli, quiet Kavvayi backwaters and the lofty Arabian Sea, Indian Naval Academy, Ezhimala gives a charming setting to preparing with its pleasant and serene condition. 4. The educational plan at the Indian Naval Academy has been explicitly planned to shape you into an ethically upstanding, genuinely strong, intellectually alert and innovatively mindful expert, devoted to greatness. The usage of the educational plan is situated to guarantee a total separation from the customary waterway jacketed attitude and mix in you a feeling of imaginativeness, innovativeness and creativity prompting building up an energy for greatness. 5. At Indian Naval Academy, the staff is resolved to bestow the highest caliber of preparing, and to shape students into officials and honorable men. We will compose a custom paper test on Recruitment explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Recruitment explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Recruitment explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer What we anticipate from you is earnestness of exertion and persistence in an undertaking to draw out the best in you. 4 SECTION I EZHIMALA †GOD’S OWN LAND 1. The name ‘Ezhimala’ is accepted to have been gotten from the seven slopes (‘Ezhu’ implies seven and ‘Mala’ implies slope in Malayalam) that overwhelm the horizon of this region. The spot was otherwise called ‘Elimalai’ meaning ‘Rat Hill’ (‘Eli’ in Malayalam implies rodent). One more legend has it that the name was gotten from ‘Ezhil Malai’ significance Land of Beauty (‘Ezhil’ implies magnificence). Fables has it that the seven slopes are portions of the ‘Rishabadri’ ountain that tumbled to earth when Lord Hanuman was conveying the mountain with Mrita Sanjivani and different herbs to Lanka for Lakshaman’s treatment after he was fundamentally harmed and lying in extreme lethargies during the epic clash of Ramayana. As if to validate this, the territory has numerous uncommon restorative herbs. 2. History. During the Sangam time, roughly 1500 years back, ‘Ezhimala’ was known as ‘Ezhimalai’. Sangam writing gives us a clear image of the life of individuals at Ezhimala. In 500 AD there were three primary realms spreading over the cutting edge territory of Kerala viz, Aynad in the South, Cheranad in the Center and Ezhimalainad in the North. The advanced areas of Kannur and Kasargode were a piece of Ezhimalainad controlled by ‘Nanan’. At its peak Nanan’s rule reached out up to Wynad and Gudalur in the lower regions of the Western Ghats, circumscribing the current day Mysore region in Karnataka. It is accepted that Nanan covered a monstrous fortune of coins in 491 AD in the lower regions of Ezhimala. The Kolathiri Raja assumed control over the reins of the realm from the Nanan tradition in the fourteenth century AD. The Kolathiri Raja made an interpretation of the name ‘Ezhimalai’ into ‘Saptasilam’ for the seven slopes that overwhelm the territory. In the eighteenth century Tipu Sultan caught the territory and it fell under the control of the British, after they crushed Tipu Sultan in the third Mysore War. 3. Area. Indian Naval Academy, Ezhimala is arranged around 35 km North of Kannur (Cannanore) and 135 km South of Mangalore, on the West Coast of peninsular India. 5 4. Availability. Indian Naval Academy is all around associated by rail and street. The closest railroad station is at Payyanur, a town found 10 km away from the maritime base. Payyanur is arranged along NH 17 among Mangalore and Kannur. The wide check railroad line joins Payyanur to Mumbai and other significant urban areas in Western, Central and Northern India by means of the Konkan Railway. The expansive measure rail arrange likewise connects Payyanur to Chennai and other significant urban communities in Eastern India (by means of Chennai) and Southern India (by means of Palakkad). The closest air terminal is situated at Mangalore, around 135 km from Indian Naval Academy. A universal air terminal is additionally arranged at Kozhikode, 165 km south of the Academy. There is standard private transport administration between Indian Naval Academy, Payyanur and Kannur. 5. Atmosphere. Ezhimala has a tropical atmosphere. Astoundingly substantial precipitation is experienced during rainstorm, which last from May/June to December. The mid year months ie from March to May/June are hot and muggy. The period between January to March is mellow. The normal yearly precipitation is around 350 cm and temperatures run between 21 to 31 C during November to February and 27 to 38 C in summers. The relative stickiness in the zone is genuinely high as the year progressed. 6. Attire. Tropical garments are worn consistently. Light woolens may anyway be conveyed for wearing while at the same time visiting Ooty/Bangalore/Wayanad over the span of preparing. 7. Dialects Spoken. Malayalam is the most widely used language of the territory. Anyway English can be comprehended and spoken by greater part of the nearby populace. Hindi is seen, yet not spoken by the individuals. 8. Spots of Interest. (a) Towns. (I) (ii) (iii) (iv) Payyanur †10 km. Kannur (Cannanore) †35 km. Mangalore †120 km. Kozhikode (Calicut) †150 km. (b) Places of Historical Interest. (I) (ii) Pazhassi Dam †70 km South East of Indian Naval Academy. Paithal Mala †65 km East of Indian Naval Academy. (iii) Bekal Fort †a stupendous fortress found 55 km North of Indian Naval Academy. (iv) Chandragairi Fort †65 km North of Indian Naval Academy. Maritime (v) St Angelo Fort †situated at Kannur, 40 km from Indian Academy. 6 (c) Beaches. (I) Muzhapilngadu a drive-in sea shore around 55 km South of Indian Naval Academy. (ii) Payyambalam situated in Kannur around 40 km South of Indian Naval Academy. (iii) Pallikara †close Bekal fortress, around 55 km North of Indian Naval Academy. (iv) (d) Kappil †arranged around 5 km North of Bekal Fort. Different Places of Interest. (I) Parassinikkadavu Snake Park †35 km South of Indian Naval Academy. (ii) Valiyaparamba Islands †situated in beautiful Kavvayi backwaters. 7 SECTION II USEFUL ADMINISTRATIVE DETAILS 1. Postal Particulars. The Indian Naval Academy has an undeniable mail station. The postal and transmitted location during your stay at the Academy will be as follows:(a) Postal Address. Sub Lieutenant Indian Naval Academy Naval Academy PO Ezhimala Kannur, Kerala 670310 Sub Lieutenant Indian Naval Academy Naval Academy PO Ezhimala Kannur, Kerala 670310 (b) Telegraphic Address. (c) Official Address. Every official letter must be routed to The Commandant, Indian Naval Academy on the accompanying address:The Commandant (for Training Captain) Indian Naval Academy Naval Academy PO Ezhimala Kannur, Kerala 670310 2. Official E-Mail Address. trgcaptain. [emailprotected] com 3. Significant Telephones/Fax. Ser 1. 2. 3. Assignment Commander Training Team Adjutant Flotilla Duty Officer Telephone 04985-223700 04985-224164 9446400188 04985-222 786 9446507980 Fax 04985-224165 04985-224164 04985-222 786 4. Voyaging. You are qualified for movement via train in II AC and are to go at your own cost while joining the Indian Naval Academy. The sum used on your excursion to the Academy will be repaid on joining, in the wake of delivering the excursion ticket. The closest railroad station from the Academy is Payyanur. Learners showing up from different goals ought to ideally land at Payyanur Station. Payyanur station can be reached as follows:- 8 (a) Rail. All trains on the Konkan Railway course with the exception of Rajdhani Express (employing between Delhi Thiruvananthapuram), Sampark Kranti Express (utilizing between Chandigarh †Thiruvananthapuram), Jodhpur Express (handling between Jodhpur †Thiruvananthapuram) and Jaipur Maru Sagar Express (employing between Jaipur †Ernakulam) end at Payyanur. The closest stop for Rajdhani, Sampark Kranti, Jodhpur and Jaipur Maru Sagar Express is Kannur. b) Road. NH 17 interfaces Payyanur with Kannur and Mangalore. There are normal state government and private transport administrations interfacing Payyanur to Kannur and Mangalore. Learners showing up by transport are to land at Payyanur transport stand (situated inside Payyanur town, around four km from railroad station). (c) Air. Payyanur doesn't have an air terminal. The closest air terminal i s situated at Mangalore, 135 km from Payyanur. Indian Airlines, Jet Airways and various privated aircrafts work administrations to and from Mangalore. The other air terminal is at Kozhikode (Calicut), 165 km from Payyanur. Both, Mangalore and Kozhikode, are all around associated with Payyanur by street and rail. 5. Transport to Indian Naval Academy. You are required to suggest your appearance points of interest to Indian Naval Academy, E

The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 Construction Essay

The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 Construction Essay The rapid technological development and industrialisation occurred in the second part of the 19th century alerted the need for improving the existing labour force in terms of operational performance and psychological underpinnings of individual activity. Applied psychology laid the ground for the emergence of the notion of occupational safety that covered basic worker compensation, factory legislation and incidence of workplace accidents (Hofmann, Burke and Zohar, 2017). Initially, academics and policy-makers focused on an individual employee to outline the work format and design basic protection measures. With the course of time, occupational safety research and practice switched its focus to the organisational structure. In line with the tendency, the framework of occupational safety gave priority to safety-related training delivered to workers within the organisational context. The gradual move from the individual employee to the organisation-wide management emphasised the role of leadership in setting up a safety climate underpinning development and practice of safety-oriented processes and systems. Continuing research in occupational safety led to the creation of a multidimensional model of the organisation’s safety culture (Hofmann, Burke and Zohar, 2017). Occupational safety legislation plays a vital role in the development and regular update of the workplace safety framework. The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 is the key law that sets and enforces standards of workplace safety by outlining duties of employers, workers, suppliers, contractors and other stakeholders affecting implementation and malmanagement of workplace safety (Hughes and Ferrett, 2015). The Act evolved from the 1970 Employed Persons (Health and Safety) Bill that encompassed fundamental issues and regulatory activities concerning occupational safety. Though the debate around the relevance and efficiency of the Bill postponed its passage for four years, the adoption of the Occupational Safety and Health Act by the United States and the faced responsibility to align the national legislation with the corresponding European Union’s directives due to the UK’s accession to the EU forced the new Labour government to facilitate the Bill’s passage (Paterson, 2012). Since 1974, the HASA 1974 has been the fundamental law that defines the authority and structure for encouraging, enforcing and controlling workplace safety and risk management in the United Kingdom. Under the powers of the UK Parliament, the Act offers a sophisticated system of occupational safety policies, procedures and processes applicable to a wide array of industries and risks (Hughes and Ferrett, 2015). The Statutory Instrument introduced in 1974 enables government authorities to regulate occupational safety law and practice. Moreover, the Statutory Instrument attributes enforcement powers to Health and Safety Executive and Health and Safety Commission designated as components of the public supervision system. The Act objectives to secure individual employee safety and health, to protect workers against workplace risks and accidents, to control the use and storage of explosive or other dangerous substances and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere imply the use of fines and other punishment solutions to force organisations to comply their organisational culture and systems accordingly (Barrett, 2000). While regulating occupational safety at the national level, the Act aligns the UK law with the EU directives for workplace safety. Though occupational safety is importance for any industry, it is fundamental for dangerous businesses that are mostly vulnerable to workplace accidents and fatalities. The construction industry is one of such dangerous occupations with the incompatible rates of occupational trauma and death (Sherratt et al., 2015). The key reason for high unsafety concerns the fact that the industry does not set strict requirement for individual qualification and knowledge. Construction labour force typically comprises volunteers who lack technical skills and extensive training. Safety regulation in the construction industry in poor and inadequate without any specific framework in the international context. The dynamics of the industry and low value of workforce result in fast arrangement procedures when volunteers are exposed to unstructured interviews and a brief explanation of their duties without any provision of safety training that indicates the key risks and hazards, protective measures and te chnical issues (Sherratt et al., 2015). Therefore, the national occupational safety law requires a precise address of the construction industry to align its organisational culture and management with the Act provisions.

Big Brother in 1984 by George Orwell - 1423 Words

Big Brother Big Brother is a term used in the book 1984 by George Orwell. This term is used to describe a person or an organization that gains total control over people’s lives, it exercises complete control by doing things such as, creating a new language, destroying history, taking away rights so the people become powerless and all sources of communication are recorded and stored by â€Å"Big Brother†. George Orwell predicted this would happen in his book 1984 he predicted that we would live in a society in which everything is controlled and monitored. Slowly but surely his prediction is becoming correct, we are losing rights, The National Security Agency (NSA) is spying on everything we do, all text messages, phone calls, emails, anything that goes through the internet or a wire is being recorded by the NSA, and the media is being controlled by the government, being allowed to say what they please, and whatever to keep our heads forwards and our eyes closed to the a trocity that is our government. There are many questions that need to be asked, and connections that need to be made, and those are not being provided by our government. This paper will determine the connections, answer the questions and answer one question, is america truly free? This paper will shed some light for the blind to see if we are truly free, or if the the government is controlling us, if the NSA is spying on us, if the police force is doing their job and many other things. We will know if we need toShow MoreRelatedGeorge Orwell s Novel, 1984, The Government, Or Big Brother1840 Words   |  8 PagesIn George Orwell s Novel 1984, the government, or Big Brother, monitors the people constantly, forcing them to adhere to laws that eliminate any individual freedoms or thoughts. Winston, the protagonist, lives in this society as someone who is against this oppression struggling to meet others who feel the same. He meets a woman named Julia who also a rebel, so both decide to have a forbidden relationship out of rebellion towards the party. Recruited by his co worker O’brien, Winston is able toRead More1984 Argument1249 Words   |  5 PagesGeorge Orwell’s book 1984 is a very interesting novel. The novel is set up in Airstrip One. In George Orwell’s book 1984 it has many situations. One of the many situations are that some people refer society as â€Å"Orwellian.† What does Orwellian mean? Orwellian means, of or related to the works of George Orwell ( especially his picture of his future totalitarian state.) People believe that Orwell is realistic and say his work part of our society now. George Orwell was a writer in the twentieth centuryRead More George Orwells Symbolism and Derivation for Nineteen Eighty-Four (1984)905 Words   |  4 PagesGeorge Orwells Symbolism and Derivation for 1984 George Orwells 1984 had a profound effect upon the way people thought during the mid 20th century. The book signified Orwells most complex novel which told the story of Arthur Koestler and the countless others who suffered because of the totalitarian governments in Eastern Europe (Meyers 114). When 1984 was published in 1949, the Cold War had just begun. The novels ending was pessimistic and thus seemed as an attack on communism. TheRead MoreA Look into Totalitarianism In 1984 by George Orwell1600 Words   |  6 PagesIn the novel 1984, George Orwell portrays a world that has been altered to a state of political control. The lives and thoughts of a population are controlled by the government in 1984. It is impossible to successfully rebel against this type of totalitarian society because of the many scare tactics that rebels have to bear. George Orwell uses 1984 to criticize the devastating effects of totalitarianism, and the dystopia of his scary visions for the future. With in the totalitarian society is fearRead MoreA Rhetorical Analysis on Nineteen Eighty-Four1044 Words   |  5 PagesRhetoric Bereket Kifle Composition 12 Honors Abstract George Orwell employs the usage of different rhetoric throughout 1984.  Ã‚  The rhetoric differs from describing the human body and its struggle to survive to the different crimes and how the citizens felt about them.  Ã‚  Also, within  1984  lies a warning from Orwell: to eliminate the caustic consequences of a communist government.  Ã‚  While Orwell served as part of the Indian Imperial Police in  Burma  during the 1920s, he examinedRead MoreCritical Analysis and Evaluation of 1984, by George Orwell.1487 Words   |  6 PagesGeorge Orwell 1984 The New American Library Copyright 1961 George Orwell George Orwell, whose real name was Eric Blair, was born in Bengal, India, in 1903. When he was eight years old, as it was customary, his mother brought him back to England to be educated. He was sent to a boarding school on the south coast, a school whose students were sons of the upper class. He was allowed in with lower tuition and not being from a wealthy background, he was subject to snobbery of the others at the schoolRead MoreTotalitarianism In George Orwells 19841028 Words   |  5 PagesTotalitarianism Used in 1984 A dystopia is a society which is characterized by misery, oppression, and unhappiness. Likewise, a totalitarian government neither allow parties to have different opinions nor freedom with a centralized government, therefore totalitarianism and dystopian societies are similar. In 1984, written by George Orwell, Big Brother is a dictator who gives the Oceanian population no personal freedoms and strictly dominates all of the country for their own selfish ways. Unlike OceaniaRead MoreMarxism: 1984 by George Orwell1405 Words   |  6 PagesMarxism In the Novel 1984 Throughout time, rulers and controlling governments have used the ideas of Marxism to take and maintain control over the working class. Even today ideas such as classism and commodification are used in countries such as North Korea and Syria to help governments rule over their citizens. In George Orwell’s 1984 the ideas of Marxism are used to oppress proletariats. The Party tricks the citizens of Oceania into thinking that their propaganda benefits the working class,Read MoreGovernment Surveillance And Totalitarianism In George Orwells 19841593 Words   |  7 PagesThe Correlation of Government Surveillance and Totalitarianism in 1984 During the production of 1984, author George Orwell never envisioned a tangible reality housing the society he constructed. He wrote the novel as a warning, a cautious exposà © showing those what could happen if society lost its sense of humanity; housed in a painfully relevant satire of totalitarian barbarism. In his novel 1984, George Orwell addresses the issue of government surveillance through his strategic use of point of viewRead MoreGeorge Orwell and Animal Farm and 19841008 Words   |  5 Pages George Orwell and Animal Farm and 1984 nbsp; George Orwell is only a pen name. The man behind the classics Animal Farm and 1984 was named Eric Arthur Blair and was born to a middle class family living in Bengal in 1903. Eric Blair got his first taste of class prejudice at a young age when his mother forced him to abandon his playmates, which were plumbers children (Crick 9). He could then play only with the other children in the family, all of whom were at least five years older or younger

Huntington s Disease ( Hd ) - 931 Words

Huntington s disease (HD) is basically neurological disorder that is triggered by a genetic mutation in the IT15 gene. Major characteristics of this disease are cognitive motor, psychiatric functions and advanced cell death in cortex and striatum. Certain important insights have emerged from the animal models that are related to the disease pathology and results of therapeutic strategies. A number of research studies have been conducted up till now and the majority of which have focused upon the use of toxin-induced models while studying the cell death, excitotoxicity and mitochondrial impairment. All of such models are based upon the quinolinic acid and 3-nitropropionic acid respectively. The huntingtin mutation was discovered in 1993 and this finding became the basis of newer models where similar genetic defect is incorporated in these newer models. It has been reported by Pouladi (2013) that the major reason behind the development of such animal models is revealing of causative ge ne in HD (Huntington s disease). The models that incorporate knock-in and transgenic rodents are true representative of pathology and HD progression. Advanced research has proved that production of genetic models in such species is really a difficult task, and in order to encrypt the gene mutation in specified brain areas, a more advanced model that can incorporate the viral vector can be an effective approach. HD is only one of a few trinucleotide rehash disarranges which are initiated by theShow MoreRelatedHuntington s Disease ( Hd )1250 Words   |  5 PagesStatement of Topic Huntington’s Disease (HD) is a genetic disorder in which the necrosis of cells in the brain causes early death [9]. The neurodegeneration of the brain leads to mechanical and psychological symptoms, which can present normally from 30 to 50 years of age or even earlier, which is referred to as Juvenile Huntington’s Disease [3,5,6]. Some mechanical symptoms of HD are change in gait, uncontrolled or sudden movement, abnormal face movement, turning the whole head instead of usingRead MoreHuntington s Disease ( Hd ) Essay764 Words   |  4 PagesHuntington’s disease (HD) is a late-onset, usually between 35 and 50 years old, neurodegenerative disorder prevalent in 3-7 per 100,000 people of European ancestry1. The disease, inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern2, is characterized by motor disturbance, intellectual decline, and psychiatric manifestations3. The disease is difficult to detect at an early stage of an individual’s life since its symptoms appear in the third to fifth decade of life. To better understand the disease, investigationsRead MoreHuntington s Disease ( Hd ) Is A Neurodegenerative Disease1289 Words   |  6 PagesHuntington’s disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disease that affects roughly 10 individuals per 100,000 (Nopoulus, 2016). This disorder is normally associated with symptoms including motor impairment, namely slowed movements and random muscle contractions, as well as depression and cognitive dysfunction. However, another prominent symptom that has yet to be mentioned until recently is sleep disturbance and alteration of normal circadian rhythms. It is estimated that 60-90% of HD patients have sleepRead MoreGenetic Disease Is An Autosomal Dominant Neurodegenerative Disorder737 Words   |  3 PagesGenetic diseases are diseases that are passed on from parents to their offspring. An example of a genetic disease which can be inherited is Huntington Disease. Huntington Disease is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder with midlife onset characterised by psychiatric, cognitive and motor symptoms(G. Vonsattel and DiFiglia, 1998). The statistics for HD blah blah blah Like all genetic diseases, huntington s disease has a specific inheritance pattern. Huntington disease is an autosomalRead MoreHuntington s Disease : A Progressive Brain Disorder Caused By A Defective Gene1134 Words   |  5 PagesHuntington s Disease (HD) is a progressive brain disorder caused by a defective gene. This disease causes changes in the central area of the brain, which affect movement, mood and thinking skills. Nerve cells become impaired, causing several segments of the brain to fail. The disease disturbs movement, behavior and perception the affected people abilities to walk, think, reason and talk are slowly weakened to a point that they eventually become entirely dependent on other people for care. HD isRead MoreHuntington s Disease : A Dynamic, Neurological Disorder1632 Words   |  7 PagesHuntington s disease is a dynamic, neurological disorder. Tragically, it doesn t demonstrate manifestations until people have reached they’re 30 s or more. Children whose parent s have this genetic disorder have a 50-50 ( ) possibility of acquiring t he trait. History Huntington s disease was found by numerous researchers before George Huntington. For instance in the 1840 s HD was described in writing as a Chronic hereditary chorea by Dr Waters of Franklin N.Y., ( ) who found aRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Huntington s Disease1350 Words   |  6 PagesHuntington s Disease Huntington s disease is an inherited neurodegenerative disease that is caused by a mutation on the HTT gene. It typically effects persons in their third to fifth decade of life and can be passed onto their children. Neurons in the brain waste away or degenerate in different areas causing the characterizing symptoms, such as dance-like movements and mental decline. Diagnosis and prognosis can be devastating to both individual and family. However, there are genetic tests thatRead MoreGenetic Testing And Mental Health Disorders1039 Words   |  5 PagesHuntington’s disease through human genome and family research. Diagnostic and presymptomatic testing is available by discovering a gene mutation for Huntington Disease (HD) and prepares persons who are at risk for Huntington Disease (HD) to ask for genetic testing. A multi-visit protocol is enacted when HD genetic testing is offered through HD testing centers, followed by education and counseling for those requesting to have HD gene testing. I will use this paper to define Huntington’s disease, choreaRead MoreHuntington s Disease And Its Effects831 Words   |  4 PagesHuntington’s Disease Huntington’s is named after George Huntington who was the first person to describe the disease in 1872. However it wasn’t until 1993 that the gene that causes Huntington’s was discovered. Huntington’s is an inherited progressive disease that affects the brain and causes severe cognitive decline. The result is involuntary movements, emotional disturbance, damaged perception and memory as well as overall lowered though processing ability. We know that Huntington’s is a geneticRead MoreResearch Paper on Huntingtons Disease1268 Words   |  6 PagesHuntington’s disease is a hereditary brain disorder that is progressive in neurodegeneration; which means, there is a loss of function and structures of one’s neurons. In the long run it results in the loss of both mental and physical control. The disease affects muscle coordination, cognition and behavior. It used to be known as Huntington’s chorea because it is the most common genetic disease that is the cause of abnormal twitching. Huntington s has an intense effect on patients, as individuals

Just in Time Concept Free Essays

string(84) " takes place over a period of time, into artificial segments \(reporting periods\)\." Financial AccountingS. Das Income Measurement and Accrual Accounting Recognition and Measurement in Financial Statements DEFINITIONS Revenues:inflows of assets or reductions in liabilities from selling goods and services Expenses:outflows of assets or increases in liabilities used up in generating revenues. Recognitionformal recording of an item in financial statements, in words and numbers Measurementquantify the effects of economic events numbers unit is money – dollars historical cost – recorded for simplicity, verifiability, reliability Current cost-relevant but less reliable Only an esti mate until item is sold Net income= Revenues-Expenses. We will write a custom essay sample on Just in Time Concept or any similar topic only for you Order Now Incomeamount of resources available for consumption at the end of a period and yet be as well off as it was at the beginning of the period. CASH BASIS Versus ACCRUAL ACCOUNTING So if we DEFINE PERIOD to be lifetime of a firm (which can only be defined for a firm with a finite life) then we are only interested in the earnings of a firm over its lifetime. In that case: a. just wait until the firm dissolves. b. Add up all the cash inflows over its lifetime other than those for sale of own stock. c. Add up the cash outflows over its lifetime other those for stock repurchase or dividends. d. Find the difference between cash inflows and outflows and YOU HAVE NET INCOME. e. THE ABOVE IS ALWAYS TRUE. However, if you DEFINE PERIOD TO BE ANY INTERVAL SMALLER THAN THE LIFE TIME when you wish to get information on earnings as intermediate feedback, then there is the following problem: -transactions may not be complete on a cash to cash basis – because the earnings process is continuous – Period1buy inventory for $5 Period2pay for inventory Period3sell and deliver inventory for $15 Period4receive payment from customer. KEY QuestionWhen should revenues and expenses be recognized? One possibility is the cash basis recognize revenues at time of receiving cash and recognize expenses at the time of paying cash. Example: A toy retailer starts business on January 1, 2000. The retailer Mr. XYZ pays two months rent in advance on his store for $2000. He also purchases and pays for toys worth $35,000. However, during the month of January, he sold no toys. During February, he sells all the toys he has for $45,000 but collects only $5000 of that in cash. He expects the neighborhood children to pay the remaining $40000 in March. JanFebruary Revenues—————– Less: Expenses Cost of toys—————– Rent—————- Total Expense—————- Income—————– Limitations of Cash basis 1. expenses are not aligned in time with the revenue that they produce. 2. recognition of revenue is unduly postponed. A Second possibility is the use of Accrual basis – depends upon when some critical event occurs. What happens to income (accrual basis) using same example? JanFebruary Revenues—————– Less: Expenses Cost of toys—————– Rent—————- Total Expense—————- Income—————– Comparing the Cash And Accrual Bases of Accounting -Basic difference one of timing Recognize Revenue whenRecognize Expense when Cash Basis cash is received cash is paid Accrual Basisrevenue is earned it is incurred Exhibit 4-2 transparency Accrualmatching of expenses with the corresponding revenues OR match resources used (expired assets- expenses)to generate revenue. The accrual concept forces accountants and managers to focus on changes in owner’s equity rather than merely reporting changes to the cash or other assets. The realization concept underlies the decision rules that accountants use in determining when revenues should be recognized and expenses matched to them. The Revenue Recognition Principle Revenue:Increase in Asset Or Decrease in Liability from Delivery of Goods Or Services Realized:Goods Or Services Exchanged for Cash Or Promise of Cash . Earned:Revenue earned when realization is complete or no significant obligations left How are Revenues recorded? †¢At the same time as cash is collected. †¢Before the time cash is collected. †¢After the time cash is collected. Possible Interpretations of Recognition Principle: Percentage of Completion:For long term projects, revenue recognized as stages are completed, based upon proportion of total cost incurred, Franchises: Initial fee recognized as revenue only FAS 45 â€Å"substantial performance† of its obligations BJ 32 Production MethodCommodities – Traded at established price; so revenue recognized when they are produced. Installment Method:opposite of production method: no reasonable basis to estimate collectability, so revenue on sale recognized as cash is collected Continuously:such as rent and interest The criteria used in accounting to decide the recognition of revenues is : †¢A firms has performed all, or a substantial portion, of the services it expects to provide. †¢The firm has received cash, a receivable, or some other asset whose cash equivalent it can objectively measure. Expense Recognition and the Matching Principle The matching concept relates revenues and expenses so that owner’s equity is neither overstated nor understated at any points in the steam of events that constitutes operations. Expensewhen an Asset Has No Future Benefit i. e. It Is Used Up [Or] a Liability Is Incurred. Matching:Associate Revenues with Costs (expenses) Necessary to Generate them UnexpiredSometimes not done with specific items of product sold, but with period in Assets which they were sold eg. sales clerks’ salaries are expensed in the period in which employees worked. Expired Some things never go through asset stage, since benefit is seen to expire as soon Assets as costs expended (purchased) = Period Costs; eg. utilities costs, telephone, fuel for vehicles (not asset) Two examples: 1. Expired asset versus 2. Expensing of benefits/ resources that never went through asset stage. A. Depreciation Expense estimated useful life and eventual salvage or resale value Manipulation to increase or decrease income Salvage deducted before calculating periodic expense because it is expected to be recovered and will remain an asset. B. Research ; DevelopmentDell Computer in its 1995 Annual Report list â€Å"Research, development and engineering† of $65,361,00 as operating expense on Income Statement. – an expense is an asset whose usefulness to the company is complete – it is deemed that R;D has no future benefit left hence out right expense without going through asset stage. For an accrual based company, Statement of Cash Flows provides information on Sources and Uses of Cash. Accrual basis necessary because we divide the earning of income, a process that takes place over a period of time, into artificial segments (reporting periods). You read "Just in Time Concept" in category "Papers" Example: In the 1995, Income Statement Maytag Corporation had a net loss of $20,476,000. Their Statement of Cash Flows showed an increase in cash equivalents of $30,811,000. Cash provided by operating activities was $319,979,000. How can a company with a net loss have a gain in cash? This is possible if expenses exceeded revenues since Income statement is on accrual basis. It contains revenue amounts that may not have been realized in cash (still in accounts receivable) and expenses that may not have been paid for such as depreciation, and unpaid purchases. Also look for income from continuing operations versus loss due to extraordinary items and disposal of existing business. (As was the case in Maytag 1995) Accrual Accounting and Adjusting Entries: at end of period – Four Types: 1. Deferred Expense: Cash Paid before Expense Is Incurred Asset created; as asset expires it becomes an expense, via adjusting entry Entry DuringAsset End of Expense period Cash period Asset eg. * prepaid rent becomes rent expense, a month at a time * Depreciation allocates cost of asset over its useful life – does not measure decline in value ? Based on estimates of salvage value and life of asset ?Periodic expense= [actual cost – est. salvage value]/estimated life ? debit is depreciation expense ?credit is not to asset account, which will always reflect cost, ? but to accumulated depreciation- contra account that is, an asset account with a credit balance 2. Deferred RevenueCash Received before Revenue Is Earned Liability Created Because Goods Or Services Still Owed EntryDuringCashEnd of Liability period Liability period Revenue ?Eg. unearned â€Å"the other company† from deferred expense entries ? for example, The landlord who received the prepaid rent has a deferred revenue ? liability is reduced, revenue increased, as time passes ?magazine subscriptions received in advance, earned as magazines mailed 3. Accrued LiabilityExpense incurred before Cash Is Paid Opposite of deferred expense EntryDuring-End of Expense period- period Liability Eg. taxes, payroll, utilities; interest for short term loan paid at maturity with principal 4. Accrued AssetRevenue Earned before Cash Is Received Opposite of deferred revenue EntryDuring-End of Asset period-periodRevenue ?both rent and interest are earned as time goes by, regardless of when cash received ? need adjusting entry if payment is not received. Exhibit 4-5 (text pp. 165) Example: P4-2 REVISITING THE ACCOUNTING CYCLE Steps taken to collect the necessary information to prepare financial statements (Exhibit 4-8) . Collect and Analyze 2. Journalize Events 3. Post to Ledger Accounts(Results in Unadjusted Trial Balance) 4. Journalize and Post adjustments(Results in Adjusted Trial Balance) 5. Prepare Financial Statements 6. Journalize and Post Closing Entries(Results in Post-Closing Trial Balance) 7. Post Closing Trial Balance 8. Optional: Reversing Entries The Closing Process: Two types of accounts: Balance Sheet= real accounts = permanent Income Statement= nominal accounts = temporary (Includes Dividend account) Purpose of closing entries:-Close temporary accounts -transfer net income (loss) to retained earnings Process of closing: Debit Each Revenue Account: Sum Up a Single Credit to Income Summary. Credit Each Expense Account, Sum Up a Single Debit to Income Summary. Debit Income Summary If It Has a Credit Balance (Company Had Net Income) ORCredit Income Summary If It Has a Debit Balance (Company Had Net Loss) Credit Dividend Account, Debit Retained Earnings Exhibit 4-9 (text pp. 171) Example 1:E4-23. Ben ; Jerry’s Example 2:Let us look at McDonald’s Corporation’s 1998 Statement of Income shown on Page 139 of your text. Notea. Retained Earnings at the beginning and end of 1998 were $12,569 and $13,879. million respectively. b. Total dividends paid to common and preferred shareholders were $239. 5 Use the numbers from the Income Statement to Reconstruct the relevant account balances. Then Close them to Income Summary and from there to Retained Earnings. EXAMPLE P4-10 Post-closing Trial Balance will only contain Balance Sheet accounts. When is a sale a sale? In an article concerning troubled MiniScribe Corporation (The Wall Street Journal September 12, 1989 – MiniScribe’s Investigators Determine That â€Å"Massive Fraud Was Perpetrated†. ) it was stated that â€Å" †¦ he company dramatically increased shipments to three warehouses, booking $56. 4 in sales and gross profit of $5. 4 million. † (Note that the warehouses being shipped to belonged to MiniScribe) The volume of shipments only called attention to the problem – it was not the problem. Problem is it is not Customer’s warehouse but MiniScribe’s – shipping goods to ones? own warehouse is not a sale – but a relocation of inventory – must be an arm’s length transaction. This was one among many violations – MiniScribe was also shipping bricks to an fictitious company, and recording them as sales revenue. 1. Claiming Tomorrow’s Profits Today, Forbes, October 17, 1988, p 78. Case 4-1:Ben ; Jerry’s Revenue Recognition – Initial Franchise Fee Footnote on 147 of text. FASB SFAS 45 allows franchisor to recognize initial franchise fee as revenue only when â€Å"substantial performance† of its obligations and when collection of the fee is reasonably assured. Revenue Recognition: The Company recognizes franchise fee as †¦.. when services required by the franchise agreement have been substantially performed†¦. 1. Consistent with SFAS 45. The footnote refers to certain mandatory services that the company promises to perform for the new stores. Performance of these services is the basis for recognizing the fee as revenue. Note that the footnote specifically uses the wording substantially performed. 2. The company recognizes the franchise fees as revenue in proportion to the stores for which the required services have been substantially performed. 3. Franchise fees are not large relative to net sales in any of the years. Franchise fees are less than 0. 4% of net sales in each of the three years. Unearned Revenue: Realizability Vs. Earned criteria – realized BUT has it been earned?. 1. Case 4-2:Gateway- Revenue Recognition Refer to page 30 of Gateway’s Annual Report, under â€Å"Summary of Significant Accounting Policies† 1. Gateway recognizes revenue from product sales when products are shipped. Revenue from separately priced extended warranty programs is deferred and recognized over the extended warranty period. 2. â€Å"Extended warranty programs† are contracts to service products for a period beyond the original warranty. These contracts are purchased for an additional amount above the product purchase price. . The revenue from the extended warranties is recognized over the warranty period because it is earned over the entire period, as coverage is provided. 2. Case 4-3: Sears, Roebuck, ; Company – Revenue from Service Contracts. 1. Under the accrual basis, revenue should be recognized when it is earned, rather than when cash is received. Since the retailer incurs costs to repair damages over the life of the service contract, the revenue from the contract is also earned over the life of the contract. 2. Revenue to be recognized each year: Year 1 Year 2Year 3 Sales Revenue Service Contract Total revenue Typically, for service contract you receive cash or payment, for future services, that creates a liability. Thus one has an unearned revenue account. In this particular example, the liability account would contain XXX at the end of year 1 and XX at the end of year 2 reported under current liability as unearned revenue on the balance sheet. Sears, Roebuck, ; Company 1998 Annual Report Footnotes to Revenue Recognition The Company sells extended service contracts with terms of coverage between 12 and 36 months. Revenue and incremental direct acquisition costs from the sale of these contracts are deferred and amortized over the lives of the contracts. Costs related to servicing the contracts are expensed as incurred. 3. American Airlines: 1996 total revenues of $17,753 million. Balance sheet reported ? Air traffic Liability? of $1,889 million. – unearned revenue (~~11%) from ticket sales. -when retired – Retired when ticket holders are provided transportation. -Refundability a factor -What if carrier cannot provide service due to strike or storm. -When is revenue earned ? – when ticket is bought when passenger boards – when plane takes off – when the round trip is complete. AMERICAN AIRLINES 1998 Annual Report (Summary of Significant Accounting Policies) (Note 1) PASSENGER REVENUES Passenger ticket sales are initially recorded as a component of air traffic liability. Revenue derived from ticket sales is recognized at the time transportation is provided. How ever, due to various factors, including the complex pricing structure and interline agreements throughout the industry, certain amounts are recognized in revenue using estimates regarding both the timing and the amount of revenue to be ecognized. Actual results could differ from those estimates. In 1998, American showed revenues of $17,449 million and recorded â€Å"Air traffic liability† of $2,163 million on its Balance Sheet. Time Warner Inc. According to Annual Report they publish 26 different magazines. At end of 19985 unearned subscription revenue was $741 million. -included in their is your paid subscription to Time for issues that you have yet to receive. -magazines are sold at different rates depending on how you subscribed and for how long. – how to keep track of when earned. when does the earnings process complete When subscription received – if main source of revenue is advertising. When production is complete and delivery is made. A combination of these two. Note that Time does not have difficulty to keep track since subscription price variations and customer records are all kept by computers – closely monitor the process from payment to through unearned revenue to delivery and revenue earned. Time Warner Inc. 1998 Annual Report (Note 1) The unearned portion of paid subscriptions is deferred until magazines are delivered to subscribers. Upon each delivery, a proportionate share of the gross subscription is included in revenues. E 4-81. AugustCash Subscriptions Received in advance (Unearned Revenue) To record collection of 900 subscriptions Assets =Liabilities+ Owner’s Equity 2. August 31. Unearned revenue Subscription revenue To record subscriptions earned during August. Assets=Liabilities+Owner’s Equity 3. Net income for the month of August would be under stated / overstated by XXX if the accountant forgot to make the entry to recognize revenue earned. (Self Note: Also see Magazine Subscription case) E 4 -9 How to cite Just in Time Concept, Essays

Mary Ainsworth Essay Example Essay Example

Mary Ainsworth Essay Example Paper Mary Ainsworth Essay Introduction Mary Ainsworth a Prominent Woman of Psychology PSY/310 October 30, 2010 Mary Ainsworth a Prominent Woman of Psychology Mary D. Salter- Ainsworth was born in Glendale, Ohio in December of 1913. Her parents were both academics at Dickenson College. Her father majored in history, while Mary’s mother focused on teaching and nursing. According to her biography, Mary and her two sisters grew up in a very â€Å"close-knit family† (Ainsworth, 1983). The importance of education was definitely impressed upon the girls at an early age, and weekly trips to the library were a regular event. In 1918, when Mary was just five years old, Mary’s father received a job in Toronto and moved his entire family to Canada. As a teenager, Mary read William McDougall’s book, Character and the Conduct of Life. This insightful book spurred the idea in Mary that one could look into one’s self for explanation, and she became enthralled with the study of psychology. At the age of sixteen Mary enrolled into the honors psychology program at the University of Toronto. Mary would go onto earning her Masters and PhD in developmental psychology, all from the University of Toronto. Mary Ainsworth Essay Body Paragraphs Mary taught at the university for three years before enlisting in the Canadian Army in 1945, where she eventually became a Major. Mary spent four years in the Army working for the personnel placement department. Ainsworth would get her first taste of clinical psychology there, which changed her perspective of it and would also change her carrier direction post WWII. After her four year military tour, Ainsworth went back to Toronto to resume teaching psychology. Ainsworth wanted to figure out a way of splitting up personality psychology with a professor that already had the position, and was turned onto the assessment of personality. Not confident in her own knowledge of the subject material, Ainsworth attended a summer course on Rorschach technique. Ainsworth immersed herself deeply into projective and paper pencil tests, in order to comfortably instruct her knew courses, and this is how Ainsworth became involved in clinical psychology. Mary would again attend courses on Rorschach te chnique and eventually write a manual and co-author a book on the technique, with Bruno Klopfer. In 1950 Mary met Leonard Ainsworth a fellow academic at the University of Toronto, and would soon be engaged to be married. Finished with his masters and not yet completed with his Doctorate, this meant Leonard would be a student in the same depart Mary held a chair position in. Mary felt that this would be a difficult situation for the both of them, but Leonard received news that he was accepted to the University College in London and they made the move. Both Mary and Leonard had difficulties locating work in London and eventually a Military friend of Mary’s would turn her onto a job listing for a research position at Tavistock Clinic. This is where Ainsworth would begin her research on early development, and meet Dr. John Bowlby, a psychologist researching in that field. Bowlby had already begun his work in developing his attachment theory, and needed help with observation and e xperimentation. Ainsworth and Bowlby would begin a long fruitful journey together exploring the realm of attachment syndromes. In 1954 Mary’s husband John finished his Ph. D. and received an appointment to East African Institute of Social Research in Kampala, Uganda. Not excited about the move Mary followed her husband to Africa and began her own studies there. She developed a short- term longitudinal, naturalistic study of mother and child interaction. Mary was unable to secure funding for the testing prior to leaving London, but found Dr. Audrey Richards, an anthropologist in Kampala, was more than willing to fund her experiments. Mary states in her biography, that she was convinced that it was far easier to be objective when observing situations outside of a familiar culture. She would later recant that statement and discuss that it was much easier to do such within her own culture (Ainsworth 1983). At the end of Leonard’s two year study in Africa, both the doctors were looking for positions again in either Canada or America. Jobs were still a little difficult to find and Leonard wound up locating a job in Baltimore as a forensic psychologist. Shortly thereafter the Dean at John Hopkins contacted Mary about a position as a clinical-type instructor, which John Hopkins’ psychology department at that point was primarily an experimental type setting. Ainsworth also found herself working at Sheppard and Pratt Hospital as clinical diagnostician. She really liked the work at the hospital, despite remarks that it was a position below her abilities. In 1960 Leonard and Mary were divorced and Mary fell into a slight bout of depression. She began to receive psychoanalytic therapy, which led to another discovery of interest. Ainsworth began to immerse herself into the psychoanalysis realm of psychology, researching Freud’s work among others. Ainsworth was quoted in saying that, â€Å"I believe that this was the most important positive influ ence on my career, despite the fact that I had already been very fortunate in both mentors and turns of fortune. Certainly analysis helped me to become very much more at peace with myself and very much more productive† (Ainsworth 1983). Ainsworth emerged with a new found respect for the analytical discipline of psychology, and wanted to continue her research in mother-infant interactions, that she began in Africa. The work load between John Hopkins and Sheppard-Pratt hospital was too immense for Ainsworth to really complete any research and she opted to discontinue her work at the hospital and focus on her mother-infant interaction research. John Hopkins faculty was on board with this change and very supportive, after a short issue with gender discrimination. Ainsworth’s research utilized both non-interactive observations within the home and special lab environments. Ainsworth set up her in-home observations at three week intervals from three to 54 weeks after birth and each visit lasted four hours. This gave Ainsworth a huge amount of data on each mother-infant pair, about 72 hours of observation time each. The long frequent visits also allowed the pair to enter into their normal day-to-day routines. Another key benefit from long frequent visits was that if there were any abnormal behavior, due to any reason that could be factored into the equation and averaged out. Another research method Ainsworth used was her specially setup rooms that had toys to keep children occupied and chairs that gave the room a living room feel. The experiment was setup so that Ainsworth could monitor children’s reactions when the mother left and then returned again. This was carried out in a series of patterns. From watching the children’s reactions she made several discoveries. She noticed that depending on the level of interaction the mother had with their child was directly correlated with the child’s reactions one while mother was absent and tw o upon the mothers return. The mothers’ that were more in touch with their infants cues, produced children that were secure-attached. Secure-Attachment is where a child is secure to explore the room even in the presence of a stranger, but upon the departure of their mother, the child becomes agitated and confused. When the mother returns the child feels comfortable to explore the new room again. Another category that Ainsworth discovered is anxious-resistant insecure attachment. Anxious-resistant children often are anxious around strangers even with the mother present. If the mother leaves the child becomes extremely distraught and even resents attention upon the caregivers return. The third stage Ainsworth noticed was anxious-avoidant insecure attachment, this child set would not care who was present mother or stranger. The child displayed emotional detachment, and represents a disengaged relationship with their caregiver. A fourth stage was later added by Ainsworth’s colleague, Mary Main. This stage was dubbed disorganized-disoriented attachment, and children that fell into this category often had mothers that fell into a depression for one reason or another. The child’s reaction upon the caregiver leaving was to cry a little, but upon return, the child would freeze and fall to the floor. When both caregiver and stranger are present the child would exhibit some confusion, and be slightly upset. With these categories set by the â€Å"Strange Situation† experiments many people have been able to further develop the relationship between mother and child. Huge amounts of tedious delicate research went into Ainsworth’s studies and some say we have not seen such thoroughness sense. Before her death in 1999, Mary Ainsworth received many awards and accommodations from the APA and educational institutions. Ainsworth was awarded the G. Stanley Hall award by APA in 1984 for developmental psychology, and also received another award for professional contribution to knowledge, by the APA in 1987. The APA granted her more recognition in 1989 for distinguished scientific contributions. In 1998 one year before she passed the American Psychological Foundation awarded her with the gold medal for Scientific Achievement. Mary Ainsworth was granted Professor Emeritus at the University of Virginia from the years 1984 to 1999. References Stony Brook University. (2010). Psychology Department. Retrieved from=http://psychology.psy.sunysb.edu/psychology/ data-wpel-link=external rel=nofollow>http://psychology. psy. sunysb. edu/psychology/ Bretherton, I. (2010). We will write a custom essay sample on Mary Ainsworth Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Mary Ainsworth Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Mary Ainsworth Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer