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The Spirit Catches You And You Fall Down - 1469 Words

The Spirit Catches You and You Fall down, by Anne Fadiman, illuminates the issues that arise when constructive collaboration cannot be accomplished between two conflicting parties. The conflict between Western beliefs and Hmong ideology is illuminated through a young epileptic Hmong named Lia Lee, and her tragic experience due to cultural differences. Ultimately, the conflict between parent and doctor beliefs thwarted medical advancement, eventually leaving her in a vegetative state and a premature death. In order to fully understand her predicament, we must establish the bounds of each culture. Largely defined by science, Western culture approaches things in technical terms, with decisions being based on measurable evidence. Western advocates argue that individuals must understand and accept scientific reality over their religious views. Non-Western beliefs, such as the Hmong culture, are largely defined by religion and pseudo-science practices. Those that oppose strict Western ide ology, such as Francesca Farr, propose, â€Å"our view of reality is only a view, not reality itself† (p 276). In other words, reality is relative to the respective individual. Legitimate claims on both sides create a large grey area of misinterpretation. On the contrary, health does not have margin for misinterpretation. The lack of understanding can prevent Western doctors from providing certain aspects of treatment. Even worse, the patient may reject treatment entirely. This dilemma in culturalShow MoreRelatedThe Spirit Catches You And You Fall Down1888 Words   |  8 Pagesan example of culture. Authors Anne Fadiman and Joshua Reno explores the different aspects of culture and ethnography in their two books, The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down: A Hmong Child, Her American Doctors, and the Collision of Two Cultures, and Waste Away: Working and Living with a North American Landfill. The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down illustrates the story of a Hmong child who ha s sever epilepsy, and the communication and cultural differences and challenges between western doctorsRead MoreThe Spirit Catches You And You Fall Down1004 Words   |  5 Pages1.) The book that I chose for my book report is, The spirit catches you and you fall down. The book was written by essayist and reporter, Ann Fadiman and was published in 1997 by Farrar, Straus and Giroux. There are 288 pages in this book. 2.) The book is non-fiction. 3.) When I was choosing a book, I was in utter confusion. I wasn t a reader and I didn t know where to look. Luckily, however, Professor Yanmei was able to show me this amazing book! 4.) There were many characters in this book, butRead MoreThe Spirit Catches You And You Fall Down2167 Words   |  9 PagesStructural Causes of Cultural Insensitivity in Anne Fadiman’s The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down Many years ago, an epileptic Hmong girl named Lia Lee entered a permanent vegetative state due to cross-cultural misunderstanding between her parents and her doctors. An author named Anne Fadiman documented this case and tried to untangle what exactly went wrong with the situation. Two key players in her narrative were Neil Ernst and Peggy Philp, the main doctors on Lia’s case. As Fadiman describesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Spirit Catches You And You Fall Down Essay1527 Words   |  7 PagesThe English translation of the Hmong phrase â€Å"quag dab peg† is that the spirit catches you and you fall down. While western society knows this as epilepsy, the Hmong believe that the seizures are caused by the presence of a â€Å"dab† or soul stealing spirit, which leads the soul to leave the body.1 The Hmong consider those who suffer from epilepsy to be respectable and of a higher status. In The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down, the doctors and the Hmong ar e looking for a solution to the same problem;Read MoreCultural Diversity In The Spirit Catches You And You Fall Down1549 Words   |  7 Pages Cultural Diversity What happens when two very different or even mutually exclusive cultural perspective are forced into contact with one another? In Anne Fadiman’s The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down, there is a division between the shamanistic insubordinate cultural of Hmong refugees in Merced, California and the cold analytical approach of western medicine. In the early 1980s, the child of a Hmong refugee family in Merced, California is born with epilepsy, her name is Lia Lee. Anne FadimanRead MoreThe Spirit Catches You As You Fall Down By Anne Fadiman1688 Words   |  7 PagesThe book, The spirit Catches you as you Fall Down by Anne Fadiman follows the life of a Hmong family living in the city of Merced California after fleeing their home in Laos due to persecution. The main focus of the book is a little girl named Lia Lee who suffers tragedy in her life at a very young age. The book illustrates the differences between the healing methods, or medical procedures between the western cult ure and the Hmong culture, and how if affected Lia and her family as she grew up. TheRead More The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down by Anne Fadiman Essay1868 Words   |  8 PagesThe Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down by Anne Fadiman is about the cross-cultural ethics in medicine. The book is about a small Hmong child named Lia Lee, who had epilepsy. Epilepsy is called, quag dab peg1 in the Hmong culture that translates to the spirit catches you and you fall down. In the Hmong culture this illness is sign of distinction and divinity, because most Hmong epileptics become shaman, or as the Hmong call them, txiv neeb2. These shamans are special people imbued with healing spiritsRead MoreThe Spirit Catches You And You Fall Down Essay1566 Words   |  7 PagesThe book titled The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down: Talks about a Hmong Child, Her American Doctors, and the Collision of Two Cultures written by Anne Fadiman. Anne Fadiman is an American essayist and reporter, who int erests include literary journalism. She is a champion of the National Book Critics Circle Award for Nonfiction, the Salon Book Award, and the Los Angeles Times Book Prize for Current Interest. In the book, Anne Fadiman explores the clash between a county hospital in CaliforniaRead MoreThe Spirit Catches You And You Fall Down1273 Words   |  6 PagesThe United States is known for its melting pot of cultures, which creates one of the most contentious issues in the medical world which is the clash of cultures. The book we read â€Å"The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down† is a great example of how a miss communication and struggle between cultures which lead to a very dismal end. The difference in beliefs cause constant issues in communication, even though both want what is best. Lia Lee was born into a Hmong refugee family with very bad epilepsyRead MoreThe Spirit Catches You And You Fall Down968 Words   |  4 PagesResponse to The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down â€Å"Medicine was religion. Religion was society. Society was medicine† (Fadiman, 1997). To the Hmong’s, this is a way of life. Everything in their culture is interrelated and represents a holistic view. As Americans, we try to incorporate the holistic approach into our health care system, but heavily rely on medications and science to treat illness. Arthur Kelinman developed the explanatory model of illness which incorporates a series of questions

Darvin and Evolution †Lesson Plan Free Essays

string(41) " Those Diaries may have a use after all\." Time constraints meant I couldn’t cover everything I wanted to cover during ‘Topic’. Other investigations that may have been included are: Artificial Selection Why are cows and sheep not extinct? Why are there so many kinds of dog? Where do red, blue and black roses come from? What are yellow bananas? Sexual Selection Why do peacocks -and many other birds – have such beautiful plumage? A predator can find them easily, so why have they evolved that way? A festive’ example (cough): Why do reindeer have antlers? 1 Do Mammals Have Emotions? Do mammals experience fear, happiness, sadness, grief? I hope to address these and other questions during Science. In the meantime, here is a collection of books which you may or may not find useful: Richard Adkins’ book is a hardcore response to all who question evolution as scientific fact. We will write a custom essay sample on Darvin and Evolution – Lesson Plan or any similar topic only for you Order Now Chris Stringer works at the National History Museum and is often called upon by the media to explain the origins of modern humans. His The Origin of our Species is a popular and engaging read which sets out to answer all the big questions in the debate about our origins. The graphic adaptation of Origins by Keller and illustrator Nicolle Rage Fuller is a marvelous version of Darning’s seminal work. The illustrations are drawn from Darning’s own words, including his diaries and letters. The book is brought up to date with a graphic account of recent breakthroughs in evolutionary science. It would make a wonderful gift for teenagers and adults with an interest in evolutionary theory. I love it. The nutty looking book by Murphy is funny, informative and perfect for Yr 5/6 +. I would highly recommend it for use when planning the ‘Life’ units in the Science SOW. The final book would be enjoyed by Yr/6 and anyone requiring a gentle introduction to Darwin and his ideas. The first lesson is a look at the Genesis account and other creation myths, but don’t let that fool you into thinking this plan is creationism or so-called ‘intelligent’ design in disguise, it most definitely isn’t! It is a celebration of Charles Darwin and evolutionary theory. I believe Darning’s â€Å"dangerous idea† is one of the most important topics we’ll ever teach our kids. I hope you enjoy teaching it. Kind regards, Lou Armor Darwin, Evolution and the Origins of Life L 1/2 – All Things Bright And Beautiful Success Criteria I can write a creation myth. Intro Entry song: Sing the first verse of All Things Bright And Beautiful. What is the hymn about? Why do you think it was written? Does anybody know of any other songs, rhymes, etc that describe the rich diversity of life found on earth? Show: How God created the world. Http://www. Youth. Com/watch? V=7_Acquiesced=related What is the little girl attempting to explain? Where did she get the explanation from? Display the relevant Genesis passage as a timetable. What do you think about the Genesis story as an explanation of life? Are there any oddities about the Genesis account? How old do you think the world is according to Genesis? (Creationists believe the world is only 6000-10,000 years old). Activity Entry question: All cultures have creation myths. Do you know of any? Greek, Egyptian, Norse? Rudyard Kipling? How many creation myths do you think there are? Is there any reason why any one story should be the ‘correct’ one? Part 1 Story Telling Task Show the clips, complete with a brief discussion of their story features/structure between each. Record the features, etc on the board for later use. How elephant got his trunk http://www. Youth. Com/watch? V=bishop_ICQ How Zebra got her stripes http://www. Youth. Com/watch? V=Mississippi=related Why Bat flies at night http://www. Youth. Com/watch? V=pedophilia pop=related LA – Referring to the board prompts and pictures children plan and write their own story book from ONE of Elephant, Zebra and Baboon, Koala or Bat. MA/HA- + those LA who wish to do so – work in pairs and write an original and creative story for ONE of the following: How Tiger got her stripes How Peacock got his feathers Leopard got his spots How Kangaroo got her pouch How Tortoise got his shell How bear got her stumpy tail How Encourage children to act out their story as a means of composing it and telling it. Inform HA children that they will be telling their story during ‘Myth Time’. Activity continues overleaf. Part 2 Outdoor Task: Critical Thinking entry: a) Observation and discussion walk around the top field/Dingles Dell/flower beds, etc. Ask critical questions – lots of why and how – about ‘supernatural design’, leaf structure, complexity, etc without straying into Darwin and evolution. ) Inform hillier that scientists estimate the world to be about 5. 1 billion years old. Create the ‘The Lo Roll Timeline’. Say, Wow! ‘ Discuss. Take photos. C) Uri-peg two of the lines, remove their post-its and add them to the Zero end of one of the other lines so that you have one long line made up of three of the original lines. Line 1 (with it†™s post-its in place) + Line 2 + Line 3 = The Age of the Universe. Now take a look at the red edge! So where would the Genesis 6,000 – 10,000 years be now!!!!? Microscopic! Assessment and Look Forward IQ: Did anybody notice anything odd about Day 1 and Day 4? E below) What are your thoughts about the Genesis story in light of making the ‘Lo Roll Timeline? Why would an all powerful, caring and gentle God create a wasp which seeks only to burrow into the bodies of living caterpillars with the intention of eating them from the inside? What is the point of it? For the next lesson: Ask children to bring in as many toy animals and small world vegetation as they can carry. Ask children to begin making a list in their Diaries of the types of living things they see day to day and to bring it in next lesson. Onto been – Those Diaries may have a use after all. You read "Darvin and Evolution – Lesson Plan" in category "Papers" Talking with friends and family Does science have anything to say about life on earth? Can anyone think of any really old things that have been found, in a rock or on a beach, say? Scientific evidence tells us that the earth is over 5 billion years old. Life first originated in the oceans 3. 4 billion years ago. The dinosaurs died out 65 million years in the past. The first modern humans (Homo Sapiens) appeared 100,000 yr ago but the recorded history of humans stretches back only 10,000 years in time. Find out more about these things. Talk about these things with a friend for next time. Begin making your own Evolution Journal at home (It could be a combination of literacy homework and voluntary work, so there could be an incentive of some sort I. E. Credits). Lesson Resources Writing and drawing materials. Lo rolls, tents pegs, knitting needles, long nails, post-it notes. Teaching Support Creation myths: http://www. Magical. Com/creationism. HTML AY: God supposedly creates light and separates light from darkness, and day from night, on the first day. Yet he didn’t make the light producing objects (the sun and the stars) until the fourth day. So how could there be â€Å"the evening and the morning† on the first day if there as no sun to mark them? Myth Time: Split the children into groups for ‘Myth Time’ on the carpet and around tables, etc. HA children read/act out their story to their group. On completion – if time allows – children move to another story teller. Further stories, including, Elephant, Zebra, Bat, can be told at the end of each day over the course of the week. L 3-4 Endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful None as such. The aim here is to inspire awe and wonder. Learning about classification is a bonus! 3 Introduction Endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful. Entry activity: Children place their toys and small world materials on their tables. Entry phrase: Write the above phrase on the board and read it aloud using an dramatic voice to inject a sense of wonder. Ask the children if they can figure out what this exquisite phrase refers to. Ask: If forms’ means ‘kinds of, what do you think is being described? (The above phrase is taken from the conclusion of Darning’s On The Origin of Species By Natural Selection, 1859). Entry Sq: How many kinds of living organisms exist upon on the earth? 4 How many have been made extinct? 5 Task 1: Using toy animals, small world vegetation and large whets of paper children to begin to make a (HUGE! ) list of living organisms (use this term repeatedly throughout term). Prompt children for as wide a variety of living organisms as possible. Can children see any similarities or differences between the organisms listed/shown? Task 2: Using toy animals, small world vegetation and large sheets of paper: How can living organisms be grouped into different things? Children use their own grouping criteria to group them. What discoveries have they made? What problems ensue? Help by providing prompts: weeds, trees, flowers, insects, micro-organisms, marine, land and air life. How far can children keep going with the groups? Would a Venn diagram help? (MA/HA math children especially). Do any of the living things live and exist in 2 or 3 environments? (amphibians, flying insects, seabirds, otters, turtles, etc) Outdoor Competition: Teams fill a matchbox with as many different living organisms as possible. Discuss the results. Tell me something about the lists and diagrams we have made. Help children to develop a sense of awe and wonder at the diversity of life. Finish with Where do these endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful come from? ‘How is such diversity possible? Inform children that they will be learning more about the classification of living organisms during Science. For the next lesson: Ask children to bring in: a toy dinosaur, animal or doll, a box for the toy, a simple gardening tool for digging e. G. A small fork or trowel. Darning’s pod: Charles Darwin loved listening to music and dancing with pretty ladies – I know, I know but that’s because people only ever see the photos of him as an old man – so we are going to begin a collection of music that Darwin would have on his pod were he alive today. Who would like to be the collector of the pod music? You will be responsible for overseeing the downloading of any requested amp track and recording the name of it’s contributor. To be a contributor you will have to pay its cost – via my Amazon account – which will probably be between 50-app per track. For example, I will pay for Louis Armstrong’s What a wonderful World’, price app. At the end of the topic we shall celebrate Darwin and have his pod playing in the back ground whilst we do so. Collectors and contributors – in role biz. The great man – could present Charles Darning’s ‘Galapagos Island Discs’ to parents during our class- based assembly. Ask children to think about these and other questions and to discuss them with their friends before the next lesson. Ask the children to wonder what they might be learning about next time? Large sheets of paper, post-its, card for labels and drawing materials. The scope for CIT use in every one of these lesson is enormous – interactive timeliness, natural selection games, movies, etc but the notebook are too small, too unreliable, and too few in number for all classes to be using simultaneously. And ‘1 between 2’ tends to cause more problems than it solves? Perhaps Joy could ad many of the links to our lass web pages so kids can explore them at home? Http://en. Wisped. Org/wick/Charles_Darwin See also the resources I have put on the R:drive. In addition I have several books about Darwin and evolution which people may wish to borrow. L 5/6 – Darning’s great adventure. I know what fossils are, how they are made and what they can tell us. I can describe what Darwin saw on his voyage aboard the Beagle and some of the difficulties he faced collecting his specimens . Charles Darning’s great adventure. Entry question: Hold up a Ole note and ask: Who is this? What is she famous for? Turn it over and ask Who is this? What is he famous for? Explain that he is probably the most important scientist who ever lived. And he’s British! Explain that Charles Darning’s theory of evolution was the first scientific theory to explain the appearance of not Just some, but all living species. Darning’s theory told us how all living things are related. It also explained the origin of new species, why some species became extinct and the reason for the great variety of life on earth, why there are so many â€Å"endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful†. Entry Sq: Who was Charles Darwin? Give children a potted history of his early life. See below) Display pictures of the young Darwin – he was only 25 – the map of Beagle’s Journey and tell the story of the Beagle’s voyage and of the many wonderful things Darwin observed. Talk about Darning’s fossils finds. Do you know what fossils are? Do you know where they are found? Http://www. Youth. Com/watch? V=KxDQwBZJ908=related Show fossil pictures and discuss. What are fossils? What do they tell us? What do marine fossils tell us when they are found at the top of a mountain? Describe and illustrate Darning’s fossil finds. It may help yr to remind them of their ‘Mountains’ epic and mountain rock layers are formed. Display the Homologous Structures picture. Chi work with a friend to solve the puzzle illustrated. What are the skeletons evidence of? What can be inferred from them? Remind chi about inferring from a text). Outdoor Task: Play at being paleontologists and fossil hunters. Children make fossils outdoors. (A day or two later they again play at being paleontologists and dig up another’s fossil, taking care not to damage it, Just as real scientists do). Take photos. Part 2- Darning’s observations caused him to think very deeply about Evolution. Evolution is about change over time. Specifically, it is about how species change over time. Emphasis the excitement, wonder and scientific endeavourer of observation in such weird and wonderful environments. What practical and/or scientific problems do you think Darwin faced? Watch the clip and answer these questions: How did such a wide variety of living organisms first appear on the Galapagos? After arriving what did many species begin to do? Http://science. Discovery. Com/videos/Galapagos-beyond-Darwin-Charles- Darwin. HTML What does ‘adapting mean? Can you give me an example from the clip? How do some of the organisms survive? Http://science. Discovery. Com/videos/ Galapagos-beyond-Darwin-creatures-of-Galapagos. HTML The things that help an organism survive are called traits’ and they can be passed on. Most traits are inherited (but not all), a bit like passing on hair and eye color. Show photos of a family if it helps clarification. Ask children to think about what the fossil record and the Genesis account tell us about the age of the earth and all that live upon it. What do they make of the fact that both geology and the fossil record tell us that the earth is billions of years old, et the bible says the earth was created only 6000 years ago? Which account is based on evidence and which account is simple belief? Help children to distinguish between scientific facts based upon other facts and overwhelming evidence, and stories which require only belief. A detective’s Who done-it’ puzzle may help (Sherlock Holmes was incorrect: it’s inductive not deductive reasoning). For the next lesson: Ask children to bring in a yoghurt tub, tongs, pegs, ladles and anything else that can be used as a pretend bird beak. The wider the range of implements the better. We also need plastic cups cut in half, very thin milk straws remind me to get some from Nursery and Reception waste bins! , long balloons, Jelly beans, smarmiest, a couple of tins of fruit cocktail, soft fruits, berries, fruit Juice, chick peas, peas, seeds, etc for food and at least one washing up bowl and a cereal or fruit bowl per 4 children. Ask children to bring in handfuls of the food stuff and can chuck it in a class box ready for the lesson. Talk about fossils. Find more clips and videos about fossils and the Galapagos Islands and watch them together. Make one at home and put a photo of it in your Journal. Draw pre-historic fossils such as Trilobites, too. Plaster of Paris or similar. Toy dinosaurs and dolls (undressed). Digging implements. Small brushes. A cardboard box for each toy brought in. A tent peg or nail. Post-it notes. Why are there no transitional fossils? Is a question a parent may ask. Here is an answer put in terms of a family photo album. Http://www. Youth. Com/watch? V=QywH7FOeKJO=mfu_in_order=UL This one shows evolutionary theory being used to predict which fossils should be found. Fabulous examples shown. It also explains why a crop-duck fossil (half crocodile, half duck) will never be found? The crocodile is a favorite line of ‘criticism’ by creationists and dim celebrities). Http://www. Youth. Com/watch? V=l_Dad_Eight=autoplay=ULQywH7FOeKJO=5=1 Re: Science: Children will be learning more about the variation, adaptation and habitats of living organisms during Science. However, their intellectual Journey will travel beyond the dreary diet of tautologies and soporific science found in the CA sow. L 7/8 – Evolution, Natural Selection and â€Å"the struggle for survival†. I can describe/explain how species change over time. I can describe/explain how inherited traits enable a species to survive. Natural Selection and â€Å"the struggle for survival†. Entry Joke Two friends are in the woods when a bear starts chasing them. The first friend begins to run. The second shouts, Mimi can’t outrun a bear! † The first friend looks over his shoulder and replies, â€Å"l don’t have to. I only have to outrun you. † Is there anything we can learn from this Joke? Entry Quotation It is not the strongest of the species that survives, nor the most intelligent that survives. It is the one that is the most adaptable to change. Display the above. Can children illustrate its meaning with an example? Polar bears? Brown hares? Cactus? Explain that organisms have adapted to survive in many different environments. The question of how they evolved (changed) was Darning’s gift to the world. Ask: What does ‘evolution’ describe? Recall that evolution is about change. Explain Darwin was not the first to propose that species evolve (change) but he was the first to explain it. At least the first to explain it in a way that made sense and held up to scientific evidence. How does change occur? Darning’s explanation is called natural selection. It is such a simple (but profound) incept that we can describe it in one sentence: Those living things born with traits that give some advantage in survival and reproduction, will tend on average to leave more offspring that have those very traits. That’s it. That’s why species evolve (change). That’s why large amounts of time can result in large amounts of change. So what might ‘advantages’ look like? Display and explain Darning’s finches using the picture from the Natural Selection PPTP. Slide. Inform children that they are about to take part in the ‘Bird Beak Struggle’. Task 1: In groups of four, children play ‘Bird Beak Struggle’. Ask: Some of your ‘beaks’ were more successful at obtaining food than others. Why was that? What were the advantages of having beak X? What were the disadvantages of having beak X? How to cite Darvin and Evolution – Lesson Plan, Papers

Gas Laws free essay sample

Boles Law Introduction Air is all around us. We breathe in the air so that our body can receive adequate supply of oxygen gas. Our lungs expand as they fill with air and take in oxygen, and relax as they release carbon dioxide. Plants in turn, use up the carbon dioxide during the process of photosynthesis to manufacture sugars. Life as we know it would not have been possible without the life-sustaining gases found in the atmosphere Like breathing, many other human activities involve gases. When air is pumped into -5_ a bicycle or automobile tire, a mixture of gases is compressed into a small volume. Helium gas make toy balloons float. Gas used to fill rubber lifeboats and vests exerts pressure on its containers, giving them rigidity and shape. For centuries now, scientists are curious about how gases behave. Investigations on the behavior of gases mainly concern the relationship among the four important properties of gases: illume, pressure, temperature and amount in moles. We will write a custom essay sample on Gas Laws or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This lesson introduces the relationship between volume and pressure at constant temperature, which is also known as Boles Law. What you will do Activity The subscript of 1 refers to the original conditions while 2 refers to the new conditions. The figure on the right shows what happens to the volume of a sample of gas when pressure is increased while maintaining the temperature. Note the inverse relationship of pressure and volume. Figure 1. 3 Illustration of Boles Law Checkpoint Explain in terms of Boles law what happens when you alternately squeeze and release a hollow rubber ball. Answer: When you squeeze a hollow Auber ball, the volume decreases and the pressure within the ball increases. W the squeezing ceases, the volume increases and the pressure decreases within the ball. Are you ready to experience Boles Law in action? Try these activities on your own or together with a friend. -8- Activity 1. 3 In this activity, you will demonstrate Boles Law using simple materials. You will need several small marshmallows and a plastic syringe with a diameter large enough to fit the marshmallows. You will also need the plastic cap but not the needle of the syringe for this. Remove the plunger of the syringe and put the marshmallows inside. Return the plunger allowing only a small space for the marshmallows. Place the cap tightly (you may want to use wax to seal it). Slowly pull the plunger away and see how the marshmallows magically expand! They will return to the original size if you release the plunger. Can you explain these observations in terms of Boles Law? Try these Self-Test questions to check how well you understood Lesson 1 . Self-Test 1. 1 Directions: Read each item carefully and supply the required information. 1 . A certain model of a car has gas-filled shock absorbers to make the car run smoother and less bumpy. Describe the gases inside the shock absorbers hen the car is full of passengers compared to when the car is empty. 2. Which graph demonstrates Boles law? Vertical axis is V and horizontal axis is P a. B. C. D. 3. If the pressure on a gas is decreased by one-half, what will happen to its volume? 4. A 40 L balloon is filled with gas at 4 ATM. What will be its new volume at standard pressure of 1 ATM? 5. A gas at 30. ICC occupies 500 ml at a pressure of 1. 00 ATM. What will be its volume at a pressure of 2. 50 ATM? Key to answers on page 21 . Lesson 2. Charles Law Introduction In this lesson, we will investigate Charles Law, which relates changes in he temperature of a confined gas kept at a constant pressure to the volume of the gas. You will be introduced to another equation that determines the variation of gas volume with change in temperature. Discussion Jacques Charles was a French chemist famous for his experiments in ballooning. Instead of hot air, he used hydrogen gas to fill balloons that could stay afloat longer and travel farther. Figure 2. 1 Jacques Charles slaw/slaw. HTML Charles Law states that tort a given amount tot gas at constant pressure, the volume is directly proportional to the temperature in Kelvin, V a T. Charles Law is expressed in equation form as: TIFT = TV.

Managing Financial Performance †Beyond Budgeting Movement

Introduction Beyond budgeting movement is founded by the Beyond Budgeting Round Table organization in respond to shortcomings encountered with the use of traditional budgets. The traditional budgets are the annual budgets that organizations use to allocate resources and plan and implement in a fiscal year.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Managing Financial Performance – Beyond Budgeting Movement specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More An investigation was conducted by ‘Beyond Budgeting Round Table organization’ to establish the effectiveness of the traditional budget. Their findings formed a base to justify their ideas on beyond budgeting. The Beyond Budgeting Round Table organization is a movement that advocates for exchange of ideas concerning business management by giving out experiences as well as utilize research findings. The aim of the movement is to â€Å"help organizations introd uce ways to achieve more adaptive control and continuous planning† (Beyond budgeting Round Table, 2005, pp 1). Beyond budgeting movement incorporates the community using ideas that will enable organizations survive in a competitive surroundings. This paper will critically discuss how the traditional budget is inappropriate for modern business while the beyond budgeting movement is effective for modern business. Discussion of Beyond Budgeting Movement There are two group of doctrines that the beyond budgeting movement believe in. The First doctrines focus on the process of management while the second doctrines focus on the leadership of the organization. The process entails incremental growth in the objectives of the organizations where individual employers receive rewards on projects completed. The capital for a project is given upon request and the employees coordinate their activities towards a common goal. The leadership on the other hand is transparent and it encourages a tradition of achievements. The leadership let the employee make own targets and take responsibility of the outcome. The communication is open and shared within the organization. The procedure put more emphasis on how to satisfy the consumer needs by investigating their mannerisms and their beliefsAdvertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The movement argues that the inflexibility of the official procedure within organization is detrimental to the growth of an institution. The processes that cause delays due to long processes of business can be changed to allow for flexibility. In return the organization will experience enlargement. Additionally the organization upon embracing the beyond budgeting movement becomes accustomed to the transforming environment and in response increase the profits for the company. Operating cost incurred as a result of the hierarchical structure of the traditional organization structure is reduced as the procedure is decentralized (Beyond budgeting Round Table, 2005, pp 1). However, the beyond budgeting movement are effective in a dynamic environment. In an environment where the environment is predictable the traditional budget can be effective as long as the customer’s needs are met (Perks and Leiwy, 2010 p17). In accordance with Daum (2007, Para 2) the traditional annual budgeting is ineffective in the modern world. The process is void of incentives to workers and consumes a lot of time without fulfilling its targets. The organization is easily carried away by politics within the organization where the workers are preoccupied with personal success rather than the success of the organizational goals. The budget itself has limitations because it does not adjust to the surrounding environment; what is planed has to be followed. The company’s expansion or growth cannot be limited by the budget. Beyond budgeting movements encourage strategy with aspirations that guide the organization. It is noted by Daum (2007, Para 4) that the budgetary mechanisms raises a suspicious way of interaction among workers. Constrains within the organization emerge when there are changes within the market environment. For instance if the organization is required to introduce a marketing strategy when the products are not selling, the organization deals with the problem incongruously. Therefore, the business organizations can manage to maintain their expected income as well as stay at the top in competition if the organization embraces beyond budgeting.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Managing Financial Performance – Beyond Budgeting Movement specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Beyond budgeting movement entails making the distribution of resources flexible whenever market trends change. This will enable business to maximize on profits as resources are allocated according to the needs of the consumer, thus what the consumer wants is produced (Daum, 2007, Para 4). Beyond budgeting Round Table organization (2005, pp 1) argue that the beyond budgeting model does not exclude planning, instead it is a solution to the failure of the traditional budgets that has driven companies to do quarterly and short-range budgets. Therefore, the beyond budgeting model is a strategy that an organization can adopt to avoid making losses. As a result, the organizations are not affected by the irregular market drift that leave the organization with a deficit. The traditional annual budgets that were fixed where meeting the target was of high value is replaced by overall goals set by the executive and articulated by the workers who make their own targets in line with the overall goals. Most often as Beyond Budgeting Round Table Organization (2005, p 4) note the executive had pressure to meet targets that were the measurement and rewards in the traditional budget, at times the engaged in manipulative behavior. With the beyond budgeting movement, the executive have no predetermined targets hence the manipulative behavior is turned into rewards given upon assessment of the organizations advancement. Dyson (2009, p. 8) indicate that the traditional budget give a false hypothesis that future is taken care of in the budget whereas shortly after the financial the organization encounters budgetary difficulties. The beyond budgeting movement recognizes that budgetary evaluation is done after short period of time to monitor steps forward. The workers are involved in the development and implementation of the organizational goals while taking the shortest period of time.Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For that reason unpleasant long process that involved long term planning from the head offices in traditional budgeting is withdrawn (Beyond Budgeting Round Table Organization 2005, p 4). Proctor (2009, p 24) mentioned that the accountant control of the budgeting process is does not resign from doing management, the focus is shifted to managing strategies as they are implemented with the beyond budgeting model. Beyond Budgeting Round Table Organization (2005, p 4) in their research point out that resources are disbursed within a short period of time since the long process that required authorization from the central authorities in the organization are not needed. The members of staff are held responsible of their actions. Therefore, the decisions they make on allocation of resources must be based on established results from an inquiries. Consequently, the organization observes less wastage. The challenge of letting employee who make own targets can result into excessive pressure fro m the top management. The targets might be too high and demanding on the employees. Consequently, they may feel pressured leading to stress and at times departure from the organization. The targets set must therefore be realistic and attainable. Activities are coordinated towards meeting the customer demands within each unit. Accordingly, different departments harmonize their actions to give a fulfilling outcome to the market. In addition the focus on the budget is founded on the future rather than the past. Rarely do the beyond budgeting trace past budget to prepare a budget for the future. To measure progress, indicators of success and the evaluation according to standards are used Beyond Budgeting Round Table Organization (2005, p 6). The employees become motivated as they participate in decision making hence their loyalty remain with the organizational goals rather their superiors. The outcome is quality performance as responsibility is bestowed on the employees in areas within their mandate. Furthermore efficiency and effectiveness are realized on an improvement scale. Dependency on the central management is abandoned as the employees can make decisions stimulating innovativeness although a greater risk is imposed on the organization. This is due to the fact that a wrong decision might cost the organization severe losses. Furthermore, the team is answerable and reward able for the successes in the institute. This means that there is devolution of the authority within the organization (Beyond Budgeting Round Table Organization, 2005, p 9). Working in teams cause employees to have attachment to the organization and introduce healthy competition that create positive results in production and contentment of consumer demands. There are no intentional transactions or trading that the company must carry out. Besides healthy competition, the employee’s communication is improved when compared to the time when the traditional budget was in use. There is info rmation flow with the introduction of the beyond budgeting movement. The connection between the management and the employees has taken a new shape where the workers make few consultations with the top managers. The employees usually make decision without constantly consulting the managers. The employees make use of the information to make informed decisions alongside with clarity in operations. What’s more is that morals are held up as the tradition of secretively hiding reality and presentation of inaccurate information is no longer in practice Beyond Budgeting Round Table Organization (2005, p 9). The challenge comes in when the information is used to create games within the organization. These games may lead to disputes within the organization where resources allocation is based on unfair competition and create end up recalling the abandoned games practiced in the traditional budget. At times, some groups may end up without projects since employees must work to give an out put. Those left without the projects may end up being retrenched or lose their jobs. Conclusion For an organization to be successful, it can adopt the beyond budgeting model to realize growth in the changing environment. The market is unpredictable and has increasing competitors in the business. In order to stay at the top the budget can be made flexible and evaluated on shorter basis. The hierarchy and lack of information flow that characterize the budgetary process can be substitute to devolution where the employees can make decisions using the information available. This motivates employees to make own targets that are innovative. The leaders have to be realistic in setting attainable targets while ensuring that resources are allocated on merit to avoid games. The beyond budgeting movement help organization to avoid making losses and use their full potential to gain profits. Reference List Beyond Budgeting Round Table Organization. 2005. Finance Transformation Visionary  Honore d for his Dedication to the Beyond Budgeting Movement.  Web. Daum, J. H., 2007. Beyond Budgeting: A model for flexible enterprise control-  Beyond fixed annual budget and ineffective traditional management concepts. Web. Dyson, J R., 2009. Accounting for Non-Accounting Students, 8th edition, FT; Prentice Hall. Perks, R, and Leiwy, D., 2010. Accounting for Managers Interpreting Accounting  Information Decision Making, 3rd edition. New York: McGraw Hill. Proctor, R., 2009. Managerial Accounting for Business Decisions, 3rd edition. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. This critical writing on Managing Financial Performance – Beyond Budgeting Movement was written and submitted by user Mina Lester to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Main Classifications of Criminal Offenses

The Main Classifications of Criminal Offenses In the United States, there are three primary classifications of criminal offenses - felonies, misdemeanors, and infractions. Each classification is distinguished from each other by the seriousness of the offense and the amount of punishment for which someone convicted of the crime can receive. What Is a Criminal Offense? Criminal offenses are further classified as property crimes or personal crimes. Elected officials on the federal, state, and local levels pass laws that establish which behavior constitutes a crime and what the punishment will be for someone who is found guilty of those crimes. What Is a Felony? Felonies are the most serious classification of crimes, punishable by incarceration of more than a year in prison and in some cases, life in prison without parole or capital punishment. Both property crimes and person crimes can be felonies. Murder, rape, and kidnapping are felony crimes. Armed robbery and grand theft can also be felonies. Not only can the person who committed the crime be charged with a felony, so can anyone who aided or abetted the felon before or during the crime and anyone who became accessories to the crime after it was committed, such as those who help the felon avoid capture. Most states have different classifications of felonies, with increasing penalties for the most serious crimes. Each class of felony crimes has minimum and maximum sentencing guidelines. Crimes that are classified as felonies include: Aggravated AssaultAnimal CrueltyArsonDrug DistributionElder AbuseFelony AssaultGrand TheftKidnappingManslaughterManufacturing of drugsMurderRapeTax EvasionTreason Most states also classify felonies by capital felony, followed by first through fourth degree, depending on the severity. Although each state varies when determining the degree of a felony, most states with capital felony define it as a crime, such as murder, that qualifies for the death penalty or life without parole. Common first-degree felonies include arson, rape, murder, treason, and kidnapping; Second-degree felonies can include arson, manslaughter, drug manufacturing or distribution, child pornography, and child molestation. Third and fourth-degree felonies can include pornography, involuntary manslaughter, burglary, larceny, driving under the influence, and assault and battery. Prison Sentences for Felonies Each state determines the prison sentence handed down for felony crimes based on guidelines determined by the degree of the crime. Class A is usually used to classify the most serious felonies, such as first-degree murder, rape, involuntary servitude of a minor, kidnapping in the first degree, or other crimes that are considered to be heinous. Some Class A felonies carry the toughest penalties, such as the death penalty. Each state has its own set of classifications of criminal laws. A Class B felony is a classification of crimes that are severe, yet not the most serious of crimes. Because a Class B felony is a felony, it carries tough penalties, such as a lengthy prison sentence and extreme fines. Here is an example of Texas and then Floridas felony sentencing guidelines. Texas Sentencing: Capital Felony:  Death or life without parole.First-Degree Felony: Five to 99 years  incarceration  and up to a $10,000 fine.Second-Degree Felony:  Two to 20 years incarceration and up to a $10,000 fine.Third-Degree Felony:  Two to 10 years  incarceration  and up to a $10,000 fine. Florida Maximum Sentencing: Life Felony: Up to life in prison  incarceration  and up to a $15,000 fine.First-Degree Felony: Up to 30 years  incarceration  and up to a $10,000 fine.Second-Degree Felony: Up to 15 years  incarceration  and up to a $10,000 fine.Third-Degree Felony: Up to five years  incarceration  and up to a $5,000 fine. What Is a Misdemeanor? Misdemeanors are crimes that do not rise to the severity of a felony. They are lesser crimes for which the maximum sentence is 12 months or less in jail. The distinction between misdemeanors and felonies lies within the seriousness of the crime. Aggravated assault (beating someone with a baseball bat, for example) is a felony, while simple battery (slapping someone in the face) is a misdemeanor. But some crimes that are usually treated as misdemeanors in the courts can rise to the level of a felony under certain circumstances. For example, in some states, possession of less than an ounce of marijuana is a misdemeanor, but possession of more than an ounce is considered possession with intent to distribute and is treated as a felony. Likewise, an arrest for driving under the influence is usually a misdemeanor, but if anyone was hurt or killed or if it is not the drivers first DUI offense, the charge can become a felony. What Is an Infraction? Infractions are crimes for which jail time is usually not a possible sentence. Sometimes known as petty crimes, infractions are often punishable by fines, which can be paid without even going to court. Most infractions are local laws or ordinances passed as a deterrence to dangerous or nuisance behavior, such as setting speed limits in school zones, no parking zones, traffic laws, or anti-noise ordinances. Infractions can also include operating a business without the proper license or improperly disposing of trash. Under some circumstances, an infraction can rise to the level of a more serious crime. Running a stop sign might be a minor infraction, but not stopping for the sign and causing damage or injury is a more serious offense. Capital Crimes Capital crimes are those which are punishable by death. They are, of course, felonies. The difference between other classes of felonies and capital felonies is the fact that those accused of capital crimes can pay the ultimate penalty, the loss of their life.

Individual Project Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Individual Project Report - Essay Example However, we can expect some of the following demographic skews in our advertising: 1. Mostly people in America, Europe and Japan will be viewing. Many areas of the Third World have intermittent Internet access and bad bandwidth, so streaming video is difficult to imagine. 2. There will likely be an additional skewing towards white middle-class viewers. 3. People interested in our campaign will likely be people of around college-going age, 18-35, interested in upwardly mobile education and professional positions. They will likely be of middle-class backgrounds. Using YouTube to reach out to the market of people online is a brilliant move for a variety of reasons. 1. It is self-demonstrating. We will be showing people how to do online advertising while we are promoting a school that does online advertising. 2. The type of people who are likely to be interested in getting into online advertising and experienced with the type of social networks used to create viral marketing are the peop le watching YouTube videos. A recent Super Bowl ad had advertising executives discussing how to construct a commercial, with the commercial changing as they brainstormed. It was a funny, self-aware advertisement for a car that also satirized the advertising industry. Some videos in that vein could easily be produced and could be quite funny.

Recollection of the Routine of Food Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Recollection of the Routine of Food - Essay Example In my household, food was never a focal part of the family structure that involved a collaborative dining session much like those often illustrated from typical 1950’s-variety family structures. Therefore, the quality and dimensions, especially those delivered psychologically, were never strongly reinforced through the process of cooking together and ultimately consuming together. The food selections in my household during my youth were rather generic, consisting of basic varieties of beef, chicken, and common household snacks. Because of this, eating often became a routine activity simply to satisfy hunger. Consumption was more of a ritualistic situation rather than the satisfaction of a psychological need that some people experience in the process of dining and preparing together as a family unit. It is because of this limited symbolism associated with food that I have developed my current dietary habits and this directly impacts how I have, in the past, viewed food as a lifestyle and cultural significance. However, this course has changed my view on eating, especially when considering the different cultural symbolism that food represents for many in and out of the United States. I have recently begun to realize that I have missed out on many of the important sociological dimensions that food and consumption can provide, along with the camaraderie that is often developed by discussing the importance of food. Rituals are often symbolic activities that reveal cultural values associated with a specific community of people and often produce social predictability as well as the creation of individual social identity (Leeds-Hurwitz, 61). I find myself disappointed, especially after learning about the different elements of food as having much cultural consequence, that I had not previously considered the social value that food can bring to enhancing lifestyle. Being part of the middle class social structure, the quality of high-dollar foods has usually been limited to visualization, through television cooking shows and other gourmet chef programs. Because of this, depth in terms of taste and experimentation has never been given much personal thought. Much, I believe now, is missing from daily lifestyle by not exploring the different dimensions of food. This can be attributed, with a minor sense of blame, to the family structure and their limited emotional diversity associated with consumption and food variety. Gender and race as associated with a non-diverse worldview on food are not generally applicable to my own values associated with food since it has only been recently that I have begun to reassess the quality and cultural togetherness that food consumption and discussion can bring in a social or family setting. Some companies trying to sell their food products attempt to get consumers interesting in powdered sauces and cake mixtures by introducing a degree of nostalgia into advertising. Slogans such as just like mom used to make are often used to gain more interest and bring forth a psychological response from buyers (Bugge, 22). Though these advertising efforts have never had any meaning for me in previous years, I now recognize that many people are attracted to the process of enjoying home cooking in a friendly and unified family atmosphere. I find a certain sense of remorse after considering the value of the home-cooked quality meal that people seem to prefer and wish that it had been a broader part of my childhood. Because of this new type of thinking associated with food, I find myself wanting to explore an entirely new dimension in relation to food, socialization with consumption, and also the preparation process. I have always measured my personal identity based on goal-attainment and

Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 12

Law - Essay Example Alain, while in the course of the act of helping Mrs Todd balance the shopping, owed a duty of care to the Plaintiff during the course of his employment. He approached the plaintiff to help her balance the shopping, and therefore was under the obligation of taking care while performing the act. However, he failed to take enough care and made the mistake of hanging the heavy shopping bags on the accelerator bar, which led to the scooter speeding off to disaster. Applying the test of remoteness to this case, we observe that Mrs. Todd was directly in the path of any act or omission of Alain. (1856) Alain did not act prudently and carefully while balancing the shopping bags. Any reasonable man would have known that hanging the bags on to the accelerator would amount to a disastrous accident, especially when Mrs Todd was still on the scooter. The case of first came out with the concept of duty of care. (1990, 1932) â€Å"There must be, and is, some general conception of relations giving rise to a duty of care, of which the particular cases found in the books are but instances. The rule that you are to love your neighbour becomes in law you must not injure your neighbour; and the lawyers question: Who is my neighbour? You must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour.  Who, then, in law, is my neighbour? The answer seems to be - persons who are so closely and directly affected by my act that I ought reasonably to have them in contemplation as being so affected when I am directing my mind to the acts or omissions that are called in question. A manufacturer of products, which he sells in such a form as to show that he intends them to reach the ultimate consumer in the form in which they left him with no reasonable possibility of intermediate examination, and with knowledge that the absence of reasonable care in th e preparation or putting up of products will result in an injury

Network Monitoring And Management System Information Technology Essay

Network Monitoring And Management System Information Technology Essay A  literature review  is a body of text that aims to review the critical points of current knowledge including substantive findings as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. Literature reviews are  secondary sources, and as such, do not report any new or original experimental work. Most often associated with academic-oriented literature, such as  theses, a literature review usually precedes a research proposal and results section. Its ultimate goal is to bring the reader up to date with current literature on a topic and forms the basis for another goal, such as future research that may be needed in the area. A well-structured literature review is characterized by a  logical  flow of ideas; current and relevant references with consistent, appropriate  referencing style; proper use of  terminology; and an unbiased and comprehensive view of the previous research on the topic. 4.1 Domain Research 4.1.1 Network Monitoring and Management system 4.1.1.1 Introduction to the use of Network Monitoring and Management system Whenever there is vital information in an organization there has to be some agent who has to provide security measures to that information. This is because this vital information can be some sort of business plans, customer details or any kind of confidential tenders that is very important to organizational benefit. Any rival company can gain profit if it has accessed to those information by any means. Thus here arise the need and usage of network monitoring system that will be able to monitor the activities of its client. Secondly in every company one can expect there will be one network administrator. But when the number of machine increases it is difficult to manage those machines manually. Suppose one need to install some kind of programs in the client PC, the administrator has to go to that PC and then install. It is literally time consuming to go to each and every PC for initiation and finishing a set up process. Another way to solve this problem is to hire more employees for maintenance of the machines. Now this will be costly affair. So the use of Network Monitoring and Management together forms an important part of organizational computer network in day to life. 4.1.1.2 Network Monitoring and Management System The term  network monitoring  describes the use of a system that constantly monitors a  computer network  for slow or failing components and that notifies the  network administrator  (via email, pager or other alarms) in case of outages. It is a subset of the functions involved in  network management. While an  intrusion detection system  monitors a network for threats from the outside, a network monitoring system monitors the network for problems caused by overloaded and/or crashed servers, network connections or other devices. Effective planning for a network management system requires that a number of network management tasks be performed. The network management system should discover the network inventory, monitor the health and status of devices and provide alerts to conditions that impact system performance. An  intrusion detection system  (IDS) is a device or  software application  that monitors network and/or system activities for malicious activities or policy violations and produces reports to a Management Station. Intrusion prevention is the process of performing intrusion detection and attempting to stop detected possible incidents.  Intrusion detection and prevention systems (IDPS) are primarily focused on identifying possible incidents, logging information about them, attempting to stop them, and reporting them to security administrators.   IDPSs have become a necessary addition to the security infrastructure of nearly every organization. Network management  refers to the activities, methods, procedures, and tools that pertain to: Operation deals with keeping the network (and the services that the network provides) up and running smoothly. It includes monitoring the network to spot problems as soon as possible, ideally before users are affected. Administration deals with keeping track of resources in the network and how they are assigned. It includes all the housekeeping that is necessary to keep the network under control. Maintenance is concerned with performing repairs and upgrades-for example, when equipment must be replaced, when a router needs a patch for an operating system image, when a new switch is added to a network. Maintenance also involves corrective and preventive measures to make the managed network run better, such as adjusting device configuration parameters. Provisioning is concerned with configuring resources in the network to support a given service. For example, this might include setting up the network so that a new customer can receive voice service. 4.1.1.2.1 Types of intrusion detection systems [B5][B6] For the purpose of dealing with IT, there are three main types of IDS: Fig: Showing type of intrusion Detection system Network intrusion detection system  (NIDS) It is an independent platform that identifies intrusions by examining network traffic and monitors multiple hosts. Network intrusion detection systems gain access to network traffic by connecting to a  network hub,  network switch  configured for  port mirroring, or  network tap. In a NIDS, sensors are located at choke points in the network to be monitored, often in the demilitarized zone  (DMZ) or at network borders. Sensors capture all network traffic and analyze the content of individual packets for malicious traffic. An example of a NIDS is Snort. Host-based intrusion detection system  (HIDS) It consists of an agent on a host that identifies intrusions by analyzing system calls, application logs, file-system modifications (binaries, password files, capability databases, Access control lists, etc.) and other host activities and state. In a HIDS, sensors usually consist of a  software agent. Some application-based IDS are also part of this category. An example of a HIDS is  OSSEC. Perimeter Intrusion Detection System  (PIDS) Detects and pinpoints the location of intrusion attempts on perimeter fences of critical infrastructures. Using either electronics or more advanced  fiber optic  cable technology fitted to the perimeter fence, the PIDS detects disturbances on the fence, and this signal is monitored and if an intrusion is detected and deemed by the system as an intrusion attempt, an alarm is triggered. 4.1.1.2.2 Comparison with firewalls Though they both relate to network security, an intrusion detection system (IDS) differs from a firewall in that a firewall looks outwardly for intrusions in order to stop them from happening. Firewalls limit access between networks to prevent intrusion and do not signal an attack from inside the network. An IDS evaluates a suspected intrusion once it has taken place and signals an alarm. An IDS also watches for attacks that originate from within a system. This is traditionally achieved by examining network communications, identifying heuristics and patterns (often known as signatures) of common computer attacks, and taking action to alert operators. A system that terminates connections is called an  intrusion prevention system, and is another form of an  application layer firewall 4.1.1.3 Components of Network Monitoring and Management System The network monitoring system basically contains different modules with the help of which proper functioning is carried out. The following are the list of modules and processes: Initial Set-Up: This is the first step while setting up a network monitoring tool. The machines must be physically connected. IP addressing should be properly carried out. Network Mapping: The system sends out a command across the network along with usage of various components to get the minimum knowledge on the model in which the network is functioning network. This model is useful for documenting the network configuration. Machine Pooling: Now the map is prepared, and the system sends the current status request to the components that are in the network. With this process the system would able to get the knowledge of any potential failures that exist in the network. Alarms Notification: The application can detect the potential failures in the existing network. Like if any system has gone out of LAN due to any cable fault or any type of other failures it will send notification to the administrator. Information about errors can be displayed centrally or even sent as an SMS message to a mobile phone Notification can be through e-Mail, SMS or Pager. Reporting: The log-sheet with the help of the command can be very useful for the system administrator to generate the idea of the type of error that has been frequently occurring. By undergoing a thorough research the developer has found out that certain processes like filtering of client, listing of process, managing clients and their processes are the basic functionalities that must be present in a network monitoring system. 4.1.1.4 Network based Application Architecture Network based application architecture can be described as the software architecture of the network based application. It provides an abstract view and the model for comparison of the architecture that is going to be used to build the system. It explains how system components are allocated and identified and how these components interact with the system. Also provides information on the amount and granularity of communication needed for interact. Along with it also gives idea on the interface protocols. 4.1.1.4.1 Client/Server Architecture [W2][W3] The client-server model distinguishes between applications as well as devices. Network clients make requests to a server by sending messages, and servers respond to their clients by acting on each request and returning results. One server generally supports numerous clients, and multiple servers can be networked together in a pool to handle the increased processing load as the number of clients grows. C:UsersJAYESHPicturesfeatures-client-server.jpgC:UsersJAYESHPicturesclient_server_architecture.jpg Fig- A Client-Server Network The  client-server model  of computing is a  distributed application  structure that partitions tasks or workloads between the providers of a resource or service, called  servers, and service requesters, called  clients.  Often clients and servers communicate over a  computer network  on separate hardware, but both client and server may reside in the same system. A server machine is a host that is running one or more server programs which share their resources with clients. In most cases, client-server architecture enables the roles and responsibilities of a computing system to be distributed among several independent computers that are known to each other only through a network. This creates an additional advantage to this architecture: greater ease of maintenance. For example, it is possible to replace, repair, upgrade, or even relocate a server while its clients remain both unaware and unaffected by that change. Client/Server architecture with respect to domain research 4.1.1.4.2 Network monitoring protocols [W12] Website monitoring service can check   HTTP   pages,   HTTPS,   SNMP,   FTP,   SMTP,   POP3,   IMAP,   DNS, SSH,  TELNET,  SSL,  TCP,  ping,  SIP,  UDP, Media Streaming and a range of other ports with a variety of check intervals ranging from every four hours to every one minute. Typically, most network monitoring services test your server anywhere between once-per-hour and per-minute. SNMP is the most well known protocol used to manage networked devices. It was to facilitate the exchange of management information between networked devices operating at the application layer of the ISO/OSI model. A collection of network management stations and network elements are implicit in the SNMP architectural model. Network management stations monitor and control network elements by executing management applications for Network devices such as hosts, gateways, terminal and servers which have management agents responsible for performing the network management functions requested by the network management stations. The Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is used to communicate management information between the network management stations and the agents in the network elements. SNMP is most commonly used for remote management of network devices. SNMP is moreover known for its flexibility. Adding network-management functions to the existing system is very easy. An SNMP-managed network typically consists of three components: Managed devices Agents Network management systems A managed device can be any piece of equipment that sits on your data network and is SNMP compliant. Routers, switches, hubs, workstations, and printers are all examples of managed devices. An agent is typically software that resides on a managed device. The agent collects data from the managed device and translates that information into a format that can be passed over the network using SNMP. A network-management system monitors and controls managed devices. The network management system issues requests and devices return responses. 4.1.1.5 HCI (Human Computer Interaction) Human-computer interaction is a discipline concerned with the design, evaluation and implementation of interactive computing systems for human use and with the study of major phenomena surrounding them. Association for Computing Machinery As Smart Whistle Blower- a network management and monitoring tool completely functions according to the user. That is why developer tried to implement peoples interaction with computers and to develop the computers for successful interaction with human by the concept of HCI (Human- Computer Interaction). The developer used following main parts of HCI: User Computer Interaction The developer implemented HCI with the aim of improving the interactions between humans and computers by making computers more usable and receptive to the users needs. Usability can be defined as the extent to which the system can be learnt and used by the users. So the developer measures the usability of the system by analyzing the following points: Easy to learn Effective to use Efficient to use While developing a system using HCI principles the following factors must be considered by the developer: Organizational Factors Environmental Factors Health and Safety Factors Comfort Factors People System/Network Administrator Supervisor Advisor HCI now is being used in a wide range of fields which are shown in the diagram below: Fig: Showing related modules to HCIU Source: http://images.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://www.deepamehta.de/docs/images/talk/39-middle.png 4.1.1.6 Market Research 4.1.1.6.1 Similar software available in market There are numerous monitoring tools available in the market, some of which are listed below: Application Monitoring Performance Monitoring Database Monitoring Security Monitoring Environment Monitoring Network Traffic Monitoring PC Monitoring Protocol Analyzing 4.1.1.6.2 Comparison Chart [W13] [W14] [W15][W16][W17][W18][W19][W20] Fig: Showing Comparison Chart between ten software and Smart Whistle Blower A Brief Analysis On a comparison with 10 network monitoring system it has been found that the proposed software i.e. Smart Whistle is providing many such facilities that the current network monitoring system do not have. The comparison has been done on nine different features that network monitoring and management software must have. The features commonly are as follows: [Æ’Â  ] Logical Grouping [Æ’Â  ] Distributed Monitoring [Æ’Â  ] Hardware Intrusion Detection [Æ’Â  ] WebApp [Æ’Â  ] Auto discovery [Æ’Â  ] Triggers/alerts [Æ’Â  ] Live Screening [Æ’Â  ] Chat enabled [Æ’Â  ] Support Network Management System 4.1.2 Security management recommendation Security Management for networks is different for all kinds of situations. A small home or an office would only require basic security while large businesses will require high maintenance and advanced software and hardware to prevent malicious attacks from  hacking  and  spamming. Small homes A basic  firewall  like COMODO Internet Security or a  unified threat management  system. For Windows users, basic  Antivirus software  like  AVG Antivirus,  ESET NOD32 Antivirus,  Kaspersky,  McAfee,  Avast!,  Zone Alarm Security Suite  or  Norton Antivirus. An anti-spyware program such as  Windows Defender  or  Spybot Search Destroy  would also be a good idea. There are many other types of antivirus or anti-spyware programs out there to be considered. When using a wireless connection, use a robust password. Also try to use the strongest security supported by your wireless devices, such as WPA2 with AES encryption. Enable MAC Address filtering to keep track of all home network MAC devices connecting to your router. Assign STATIC IP addresses to network devices. Disable ICMP ping on router. Review router or firewall logs to help identify abnormal network connections or traffic to the Internet. Use passwords for all accounts. Have multiple accounts per family member, using non-administrative accounts for day-to-day activities. Disable the guest account (Control Panel> Administrative Tools> Computer Management> Users). Raise awareness about information security to children. Medium businesses A fairly strong  firewall  or  Unified Threat Management  System Strong  Antivirus software  and Internet Security Software. For  authentication, use strong passwords and change it on a bi-weekly/monthly basis. When using a wireless connection, use a robust password. Raise awareness about  physical security  to employees. Use an optional  network analyzer  or network monitor. An enlightened administrator or manager. Large businesses A strong  firewall  and  proxy  to keep unwanted people out. A strong  Antivirus software  package and Internet Security Software package. For  authentication, use strong passwords and change it on a weekly/bi-weekly basis. When using a wireless connection, use a robust password. Exercise  physical security  precautions to employees. Prepare a  network analyzer  or network monitor and use it when needed. Implement  physical security  management like  closed circuit television  for entry areas and restricted zones. Security fencing  to mark the companys perimeter. Fire extinguishers  for fire-sensitive areas like server rooms and security rooms. Security guards  can help to maximize security. School An adjustable  firewall  and  proxy  to allow authorized users access from the outside/inside. Strong  Antivirus software  and Internet Security Software packages. Wireless connections that lead to  firewalls. Childrens Internet Protection Act  compliance. Supervision of network to guarantee updates and changes based on popular site usage. Constant supervision by teachers, librarians, and administrators to guarantee protection against attacks by both  internet  and  sneaker net  sources. security via firewall Large government A strong  firewall  and  proxy  to keep unwanted people out. Strong  Antivirus software  and Internet Security Software suites. Strong  encryption. White list authorized wireless connection, block all else. All network hardware is in secure zones. All hosts should be on a private network that is invisible from the outside. Put web servers in a  DMZ, or a firewall from the outside and from the inside. Security fencing  to mark perimeter and set wireless range to this. 4.1.3 Service and Technology Growth in India As India emerging as one of the major IT leaders of the world, more and more IT companies are establishing in the present scenario. With the increase in IT companies more competition will arise in the market, as a result there will be increase in business politics and hence everybody will try to win this race of competition in the market. Thus there is high risk of hackers intruding into company database and taking away vital information and selling them to rival company. So here the importance of Network Security arises. As a result more and more number of Network Monitoring and management systems is being developed. On a detailed research it has been found that the number of cases of cyber crime is increasing every year. With practical guidance  delivered by expert speakers  an organization named as e-Crime  India is the premier networking and knowledge initiative for security, IT, fraud, investigations, CERT, audit, forensics, and compliance professionals who are responsible for  protecting against existing attacks and emerging threats.   Major IT companies in India like the Infosys, TCS, and Wipro etc. are having separate department to develop software related to network security. Hence one can say the importance of developing such a system because this type of software is ever- demanding with the increase and development of technology. 4.2 Information and Resources Networks Networking Concepts Computer Networks and Internets with Internet Applications, 4th International Edition, Douglas E Comer, Ralph E. Droms, ISN:013123627X, Publisher: Prentice Hall, Copyright: 2004 Behrouz Forozuan, (2004) Introduction to Data Communication Networking, 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill Tanenbaum, Andrew S. (2003) Computer Networks, 4th Edition, Prentice Hall Stallings, William (2006) Data and Computer Communications, 7th Edition, Prentice Hall Books Leslie Ann Robertson, 2003, Simple Program Design, 2nd Edition , Boyd and Fraser Shelly, G.B., Cashman, T.J. Rosenblatt, H.J. (2005) System Analysis and Design, 5th or 6th Edition, Course Technology OConnell, F. (2001) How to Run Successful Projects III: The Silver Bullet. Addison Wesley, ISBN: 0201748061 CCTA (2002) Managing Successful Projects with PRINCE2. The Stationary Office Books, Cleland, D. (2001) A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge 2000. PMI. ISBN: 0113308914 White Paper and Journal Parnas, David,  A rational design process and how to fake it (PDF)  An influential paper which criticises the idea that software production can occur in perfectly discrete phases. Royce, Winston (1970),  Managing the Development of Large Software Systems,  Proceedings of IEEE WESCON  26  (August): 1-9 Web Site www.onestoptesting.com/sdlc-models/waterfall-model/ http://www.freelancer.com/projects/by-tag/projects-socket-programming-based-multi-client-server-architecture.html

The Eating Behaviour of Young People Essay -- Adolescence

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Adolescence is a stage in life that has many biological, cognitive and sociocultural changes. This stage in life is when individuals are most vulnerable and health behaviors play an important role in their future. An adolescent today is bombarded with many behaviors that can affect their future such as; smoking, drug use, and sex. These behaviors can carry immediate and severe consequences but there are other health behaviors such as eating choices and physical activity that can carry risks as well (Lytle, 2002).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lytle explains that there is data that suggests that adolescent’s current eating behaviors are putting them at risk for many different diseases later in life. Some of those diseases include: cardiovascular disease, cancer, osteoporosis, obesity and type 2 diabetes. Adolescents today have decreased physical activity and poor diet habits which makes nutritional issues for adolescents a very important topic that needs to be addressed (Lytle, 2002).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cardiovascular disease begins in childhood. A study completed by Kelley, Krummel, Gonzales, Neal and Fitch examined 279 children. There hypothesis was that children who were at high risk for cardiovascular disease based on their family history would have diets that were different than the low risk children. The children’s height, weight, and total cholesterol were measured and each child filled out a food frequency questionnaire. 23% of the children were at risk for cardiovascular disease and their cholesterol was significantly higher. However intakes of energy, fat, cholesterol and fiber were similar in both the high risk and low risk groups. The researchers concluded that all children whether high risk or low risk need to change their dietary patterns in order to prevent cardiovascular disease. Those at high risk need specific guidelines in order to lower their risk for the disease. Healthcare professionals must promote the healthy benefits of healthy eat ing habits to both children and their families and finally it is critical that public health research address behavior modification in children (2004).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Diets high in saturated fat, total fat, sodium and low in fiber are associated not only with cardiovascular disease but also some types of cancer. Also diets low in fruits and vegetables are associated with increased risk of some types of cancer. National nutrition surveillance data ... ...zine and have their stories told to millions of readers. Keri Kulik, an exercise physiologist, who helped the Schall’s with monthly strategies to meet their goals, followed them for the next 6 months. Each month Keri gave the Schall family key strategies for success. Strategies started small like walking two nights a week together, watching less television and decreasing soda intake. By month 3 the family was including more sports like cycling, tennis and baseball in their routine also they have started circuit weight training together and have been drinking more water. By month six the Schall’s have consistently included exercise in their daily life and love it. They had one goal as a family and that was to increase physical activity, now the Schall’s are interested in working on their diet. They had made a consistent effort to eat a healthy breakfast every morning and include more healthy meals and snacks in their day. As Keri stated, â€Å"they now see th e big picture and are motivated to continue their healthy lifestyle.† Fit Family Fit Kids has shown how making small behavior changes in one families life can make big changes in both parent’s and children’s health (Fitness, 2005).

If You Could Go Back in Time Essay

I have many reasons to explain my choice. First, I wish to come back my childhood to remember my happy and impartial time. After many competition in school, university and now, society I realize that childhood is the most beautiful time and place. I want to forget all stressfulness, competition and response in life. To do that, we need a place that has no noise, no boss, no business, no salary and so on. And only childhood give us peaceful, it reminds us your games with friends, our parents’ sacrifice to give us the best things, our funny and impartial dreams about future job such as: sometimes i wanted to be a rock star, famous actress, doctor, teacher†¦ It is worthwhile to have chance to remember the most beautiful time in whole life. Another reason is that, I want to fix my faults in the past. It is common knowledge that most of us made some bad things in childhood and this chance help us fix them. I have never forgot one story in my childhood. When I was a six-year-old girl, my family was quite poor. Once time I saw a beautiful but expensive doll of my friend. I liked it and hope I would have one but my mother had no money to buy it. She said sorry while I cried loudly and said that:† I hate mom. You can imagine that my suddenly sentence made my mother really sad and she felt she couldn’t give me everything I need. I really regret about this until now. If I could turn back time I would fix my biggest fault in my childhood and say that:† I love mom†. Going back time is an unreal dream but we have rights to imagine and wish. If I can stop the time and fly through time, I would go back my childhood to have peaceful time, to fix some faults those make my love ones sad.

George Washington essays

George Washington essays George Washington was born in Virginia in 1732. His father owned a plantation farm and he inherited it in 1753 when his elder brother died. Washington served in the British army from 1752 to 1758. He resigned from the army in 1758 and married a rich widow named Martha Dandridge and was elected to the Virginian Assembly. In 1774 he represented the Assembly in the Continental Congress. IN June 1775 when the Congress decided to form an army they chose him as its commander. The Americans were already besieging General Gage's troops in Boston. Washington set out to lead them but before they he had arrived the Americans were defeated in the Battle at Bunker Hill. Washington wanted to drive the British from Boston. In March 1776 he bombarded the city with cannon fire. The British realised that they couldn't hold out and left Boston on the night of 17 March. On the 4 July 1776, the congress issued the Declaration of Independance. Thomas Jefferson wrote it. It raised American spirits but in 1776 and 1777 the war went bacly for them. In September 1776 the British captured New York and in 1777 they captured Philadalphia where the Congress met. Americans were forced to retreat to a wild and lonely place called Valley Forge. They spent the winter of 1777-8 in horrible conditions. While Washington and his men were suffering at Valley Forge, another American army defeated the British at Saratoga. When the French king, Louis XVI, heard of this he decided that the Americans might win. He declared war on Britain. The French troops were useful but the navy was even more important. It prevented the British from bringing guns, ammunition and fresh soldiers to equip the British in America. The final event of the war wwas the battle of Yorktown. The Americans captured a British army under Lord Cornwallis. A French fleet arrived in the harbour and prevented them from escaping. They had no choice but to surrender...

Introduction System Essay Example

Introduction System Essay Example Introduction System Essay Introduction System Essay An information system (IS) is any combination of information technology and peoples activities using that technology to support operations, management, and decision-making. In a very broad sense, the term information system is frequently used to refer to the interaction between people, algorithmic processes, data and technology. In this sense, the term is used to refer not only to the information and communication technology (ICT) an organization uses, but also to the way in which people interact with this technology in support of business processes.Some make a clear distinction between information systems, ICT, and business processes. Information systems are distinct from information technology in that an information system is typically seen as having an ICT component. Information systems are also different from business processes. Information systems help to control the performance of business processes. Alter argues for an information system as a special type of work system.Enroll ment systems Enrollment systems are used to delegate out limited time slots or products. a well built one will allow for those time slots to be handed out in a quick fashion reducing the load on the People that normally have to-do all the work. It also gets the customers information into a nice nifty database for you to pull stats information and well as quick contact information from get into more advanced systems they include payment methods.On top of that with computerized enrollment systems you dont have to worry about not being able to read someone’s hand writing (i know mines hell) that alone mattering on the client base can be a blessing.. And if your dealing with an older group of people systems can be built to quickly provide Large Text making it easier for them to read and fill out the enrollment forms. That’s always something good to brag about.. That’s just the upper edge. But any enrollment systems need to be review to make sure it will be an advant age to the businesses needs and not hinder it.

Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 26

Annotated Bibliography Example Granić, A., & ĆukuÃ… ¡ić, M. (2011). Usability Testing and Expert Inspections Complemented by Educational Evaluation: A Case Study of an e-Learning Platform. Retrieved from http://www.ifets.info/journals/14_2/10.pdf. The article mentioned in above is an effective example of the study that has been conducted by using usability testing. It can be noted that the usage of the testing has been done for the purpose of analysis of educational programs. In particular, the application has been done in the context of Europe. The methodology that has been appointed by the authors in the research article is basically quantitative in nature. Credibility: The research mentioned in above is highly credible because the authors have presented pre-testing as well as the pro-evaluation to justify their stances and hypothesis. In this way, the readers will be able to read a thoroughly credited work. Granić, A., & ĆukuÃ… ¡ić, M. (2011). Usability Testing and Expert Inspections Complemented by Educational Evaluation: A Case Study of an e-Learning Platform. Retrieved from

Coca Cola Crisis in India 2003 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Coca Cola Crisis in India 2003 - Assignment Example It is important to note that this degree of trust is the cornerstone upon which any type of image recovery or customer trust will be built upon. Accordingly, these questions and answers will hinge upon building this degree of trust and seeking to engage key elements within the consumer base. Furthermore, an obvious recourse would be to attempt to re-engage the market with the understanding and belief that Coca Cola brand is investing all available energy and capital to remedy any quality control issues that might have existed previously. As a means towards accomplishing consumer trust on this matter, Coca Cola may wish to point to its civic activism within the recent past, both within India and around the world as a means to convince the shareholder of the serious nature in which Coca Cola takes such an action. As a means to accomplish both the long and the short term goals that have been mentioned, it will be incumbent upon Coca Cola to prove their overall level of seriousness by pr oviding demonstrable actions to the Indian marketplace that clear and decisive actions have been taken to remedy any prior shortfalls that may have been exhibited. How long would you evaluate the crisis? Unfortunately, a situation like the one that has been listed is not one that Coca Cola can recover from over the span of a few months or even years. Similarly, as anyone that is familiar with marketing will point out, the amount of time it takes to re-engage consumer trust and ensure the market that the firm is not typified by its most negative actions and the consequences thereof is a costly and time-intensive process. Due to the fact that the findings were so damning, it will take Coca Cola a very long period of time to both rectify the damage done to the brand’s image as well as to seek to effectively engage future consumers with the overall benefits of the brand. Although the process will not be quick or cheap, such is the responsibility of Coca Cola and defines any hope of increased future success within India. It should be noted that a great deal rests on the means by which Coca Cola attempts to re-engage its consumers.  Ã‚  

Marketing Case Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Marketing Case - Research Paper Example Primary aim of marketing is to understand, attract, communicate, and to maintain relationship with the target audience and hence, marketing is useful for the task where target consumers are important. This paper will attempt to frame a set of plausible marketing strategy for Canadian Museum for Human Rights (CMHR) for attracting large of visitors including domestic and foreigners. This is the national museum of Canada to be established by the Canadian Government. Currently, this museum is under construction, and the task for establishment was started from August 10, 2008 after the Parliamentary amendments of Museum Act on March 13, 2008. It is supposed to open from 2012 and will aim to offer the world a platform for engaging in discussions about serious issues like hate, oppression and suppression (Canadian Museum for Human Rights-a, 2010). The marketing activity for CMHR is communicating with the target audience for promoting its value and for understanding of human rights. This wil l help it to meet the commitments of Canadian Government to support â€Å"democracy, freedom, human rights, and the rule of law† (Canadian Museum for Human Rights-b, 2010). SWOT Analysis Strengths The biggest strength of the museum lies in its location based advantages. Canada being one of the developed nations, adds to the popularity of the museum. It also helps in garnering funds as the government has provided full support for the museum. Another major strength of the organization is the unique concept by which the museum has been conceptualized. The noble and unique nature of the museum helps in increasing the awareness of the individual’s on the aspect of human rights (Canadian Museum for Human Rights-a, 2010). The uniqueness of the museum also lies in its innovative, interactive and high technology environment that would enable interactions such as debates with regard to human rights. Any person can submit his/her story about human rights violations and the museum would provide a platform for sharing it across the globe (Krell, 2009, p.50). Weakness Lack of awareness about the concept of the museum amongst the target audience seems to be the most formidable weakness of the museum. This lack of awareness leads to generation of considerable weakness as people may not be aware of the museum. This would hamper the very basic intention of setting up the museum. Opportunities Being located in a developed nation and set up with a noble and unique concept generates large scale opportunity for the museum to draw visitors. The museum also provides opportunity for individuals to highlight their stories about human rights violations to showcase their problems on a global platform. Human rights violations form one of the most burning issues and there have been numerous issues of human rights violations which remain unreported due to lack of a proper platform. The museum with its unique concept would help in generating large scale opportunities that would help in drawing large crowds and make it a success story. Threats There have been certain controversies regarding the site of the project as many claim it as a land that has historical significance and building a structure over it

Grapes of Wrath and Migration Experience Essay Example for Free

Grapes of Wrath and Migration Experience Essay The novel, â€Å"The Grapes of Wrath† by John Steinbeck, takes you on a chronicle of one family’s migration, from Oklahoma to California as a result of exodus. The family is forced to migrate west in search of a livelihood during the great depression of the 1930’s. The structure of the chapters in this book alternate between narrating the journey of the Joad family with descriptions of the westward movement of migrant farmers in the 1930s as they flee drought and industry. Steinbeck, a native of California, draws from first hand experiences to guide the reader not only along the journey of one family in particular, the Joad’s but, to also expose the desperate conditions of migrant farming-families faced during the great depression in America. The Joad family was a part of a migration of people called â€Å"okies† which were farmers from the southwest that migrated westward in search of opportunity. The Okies were farmers whose topsoil blew away due to dust storms and were forced to migrate along Route 66 to California in search of work. The Okies were resented for migrating in large numbers to areas in the West where work was already hard to find and the sudden multitude of workers caused wages to be lowered. The Joads reside in Oklahoma, referred to as the Dust Bowl of the U. S . because of its lack of rain. The Joads’ were sharecroppers evicted from their homes because they failed to pay the bank their loan payments to the Shawnee Land and Cattle Company. The entire area was being evicted by the land owners, forcing sharecroppers’ to leave all that they have ever know and cared for behind in search of a sustained life elsewhere. The novel opens up by introducing the main characters and painting a picture of a dried up withering Oklahoma farming region. Released from an Oklahoma state prison after serving four years of a manslaughter conviction, Tom Joad makes his way back to his familys farm amid the desolation of the Dust Bowl. He meets Jim Casy, a former preacher and the man who baptized Tom as a child. Tom gives the old preacher a drink from his flask of liquor, and Casy tells Tom how he decided to stop preaching. He admits that he had a habit of taking girls â€Å"out in the grass† after prayer meetings and tells Tom that he was conflicted for some time, not knowing how to reconcile his sexual appetite with his responsibility for these young women’s souls. Eventually, however, he came to the decision that â€Å"there ain’t no sin and there ain’t no virtue. There’s just stuff people do. It’s all part of the same thing. † No longer convinced that human pleasures run counter to a divine plan, Casy believes that the human spirit is the Holy Spirit. Jim accompanies Tom to his family’s farm; when they find it deserted, fronted by withered crops, they find Muley in that house. Muley is an old family friend that stayed behinde while his family leaves for California to tend to his rightful land. He explains haltingly that a large company has bought all the land in the area and evicted the tenant farmers in order to cut labor costs. The three men proceed forward traveling to Toms Uncle Johns house, where they find the Joads preparing for a long trip to California in search of work. The entire family has gone to work picking cotton in hopes of earning enough money to buy a car and make the journey to California. Large California landowners have poster announcement for employment throughout western Oklahoma, and Ma and Pa Joad have decided to move their family their; evicted from their farm by the bank that owned it, they feel as though they have no choice. Once Tom has been reunited with his family, in the following chapters, the narrator assumes the voice of generic tenant farmers, expressing what their possessions and memories of their homes mean to them. The farmers are forced to pawn most of their belongings, both to raise money for the trip and simply because they cannot take them on the road. Steinbeck makes it apparent during this section of the novel that he believes that the economic system makes everyone a victim—rich and poor, privileged and disenfranchised. All are caught â€Å"in something larger than themselves. † This is used to give reference to the bigger picture of society and how situations dictate undesired behavior. In a sense it was a way of taking some hatred off the people hired to kick people off their lands because these people too lost their livelihood. When the time comes to leave, Muley Graves bids the family good-bye, but Grampa suddenly wants to stay. He claims that he aims to live off the land like Muley and continues to protest loudly until the Joads lace his coffee with sleeping medicine. Once the old man is asleep, the family loads him onto the truck and begins the long journey west. When the families leave the farms, the land if left vacant, and is worked by people with no connection to the land. This is used to drive home a theme of man and his relationship to the land as a symbol of ownership. Such a separation between work and life causes men to lose wonder for their work and for the land. As the Joads make their way down highway 66, it is described as being backed-up and filled with broken down poor farmers getting ripped off by auto repair shops selling parts. Steinbeck suggests that the hardships the families face stem from more than harsh weather conditions or simple misfortune. Human beings, acting with calculated greed, are responsible for much of their sorrow. Such selfishness separates people from one another, disabling the kind of unity and brotherhood that Casy deems holy. It creates an ugly animosity that pits man against man, as is clear in Chapter 12, when a gas station attendant suggests that California is becoming overcrowded with migrants†. Steinbeck uses Pa Joad to embody the desire to be connected with the land, this is displayed by his willingness to stay back from his family to tend and live off his native soils. Conversely Jim Casy represents the focus of the family and it’s the most important aspect is to stay together. Ma Joad also represents the glu holding the family together and the backbone of the family unit. The family reaches Oklahoma City, while here they suffer the loss of their dog, and Grandpa Joad, and are forced to give them informal funerals due to a lack of money. After suffering such a major loss, the family picks up new passenger the Wilson’s a family they met broke- down on the side of the road. A few days down the road the family gets told by a car salesman that implications of open jobs in California are false. This brings a large sense of worry among the family because there survival depends on the opportunities waiting in California. At this point of the novel the many amilies traveling along the road have come together as one family creating a sense of comfort and belonging. The people have created rules and enforcement of law; this is a drastic change in identity and life. They are no longer farmers but migrant men. The family reaches California, marking a major shift in the journey. Once in California, the family is warned by Ma that the family is falling apart, as a result of the passing Grandma and the separation from the Wilson’s. Coming after two sets of dire warnings from ruined migrant workers, Granma’s death bodes especially ill for the Joads. They now seem fated to live out the cautionary tales of the men they have met in Chapters 16 and 18, who now seem like predictors of the future. Before the Joads even set foot on its soil, California proves to be a land of vicious hostility rather than of opportunity. The unwelcoming attitudes of the police officers and border guards seem to testify to the harsh reception that awaits the family. Once in California the family is forced to move north by authority, which do not take a liking for the okies. The family reaches a camp where they stay for a little while. This camp was a squatter settlement of okies with no food or work to speak of. This is an unsettling feeling for the Joads and a sense of anguish settles over the family. A man come into the came looking for people to work, but he does not have the proper papers and will not disclose the wages to the workers. This creates skepticism by for the okies and a scuffle breaks out. Which results in Jim Casy taking the blame for Tom knocking out a police officer. The men take Jim Casy away and the Joads flee in search of safety and work. The family finds work in a peach orchard where they get paid 5 cents a basket. That evening, Al goes looking for girls, and Tom, curious about the trouble on the roadside, goes to investigate. Guards turn him away at the orchard gate, but Tom sneaks under the gate and starts down the road. He comes upon a tent and discovers that one of the men inside is Jim Casy. Jim tells Tom about his experience in prison and reports that he now works to organize the migrant farmers. He explains that the owner of the peach orchards cut wages to two-and-a-half cents a box, so the men went on strike. Now the owner has hired a new group of men in hopes of breaking the strike. Casy predicts that by tomorrow, even the strike-breakers will be making only two-and-a-half cents per box. Tom and Casy see flashlight beams, and two policemen approach them, recognizing Casy as the workers’ leader and referring to him as a communist. As Casy protests that the men are only helping to starve children, one of them crushes his skull with a pick handle. Tom flies into a rage and wields the pick handle on Casy’s murderer, killing him before receiving a blow to his own head. He manages to run away and makes it back to his family. In the morning, when they discover his wounds and hear his story, Tom offers to leave so as not to bring any trouble to them. Ma, however, insists that he stay. They leave the peach farm and head off to find work picking cotton. Tom hides in a culvert close to the plantation—his crushed nose and bruised face would bring suspicion upon him—and the family sneaks food to him. Word gets out that Tom is a murder and is forced to leave his family. Before he leave he has a hear to heart with his mother, he speaks of Jim Casy and his way of spirituality for the greater good. As Tom leaves his family to fight for social justice, he completes the transformation that began several chapters earlier. Initially lacking the patience and energy to consider the future at all, he marches off to lead the struggle toward making that future a kinder and gentler one. The Joads are left to work on the farm but, then there is a six day flood that wipes away the families cars and settlement. This forces the family to set off on foot for higher ground. Al decides to stay with the Wainwrights and Agnes. Traveling on foot, the remaining Joads spot a barn and head toward it. There, they find a dying man and small boy. The boy tells them that his father has not eaten for six days, having given all available food to his son. The man’s health has deteriorated to such an extent that he cannot digest solid food; he needs soup or milk. Ma looks to Rose of Sharon, and the girl at once understands her unstated thoughts. Rose of Sharon asks everyone to leave the barn and, once alone, she approaches the starving man. Despite his protests, she holds him close and suckles him. This is the closing of the book, which for me is an amazing ending. It was symbol of family and the fight for the greater good of the common people. Analysis In the Grapes of Wrath, we are taken along side a family of okies, who are forced to migrate west. Through this journey we can use the insights of the suffering the migrants went though to better understand the immigrant experience. Throughout history outsiders have driven people off their native land. They fall victim to the physical and environmental forces that drive them off the land. Immigrants or in this case migrant workers are labeled as trash and are used as capital gain and cheap labor. This is due a lack of options and the people are forced to work for unfair pay and to be treated unjust. The Dust bowl was an ecological and human disaster in the Southwestern Great Plains regions of the United States in the 1930s. The areas affected were Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, and Colorado. The poor handling of the land and years of drought caused this great disaster (Jones History). During this time the Okiesa name given to the migrants that traveled from Oklahoma, Texas, Kansas, or anywhere in the Southwest or the northern plains to Californiaencountered many hardships. These hardships are brilliantly shown in John Steinbecks The Grapes of Wrath. Scholars agree, The most important fact about the dust storms was not scientific but human: their tragic effect upon people seeking livelihood on the stricken Midwestern farms (French 4). Steinbeck believed society was inhumane to the Okies and through his novel we can account for how the Okies were treated. By looking at Steinbecks own personal background and information from historical commentaries we are better able to grasp his reasoning for writing the novel because he understood what it was like to grow up as a farmer, and an outsider. More importantly, however, we are able to share in his compassion for the Okies. To fully understand Steinbecks reasoning for writing the novel it is important to look at his family and where he grew up. John Ernst Steinbeck was born on February 27, 1902, in Salinas California. His parents were middle-class people who played many roles in the community and cultural life. His father worked as a manager of a flourmill, and his mother taught in a one-room rural school (Swisher 13). Steinbecks compassion for the Okies is clearly seen in passages like, this: The Okies are resourceful, and intelligent Americans who have gone through the hell of the drought, have seen their lands wither and die and the topsoil blow away: and this, to a man who has owned his land, is a curious and terrible pain (French 56). The encounters Steinbeck had with the Okies inspired him to write The Grapes of Wrath (Swisher 20). The Okies were not only exposed to greed but also to the terrible feeling of an empty, deprived stomach. Steinbeck remarks, And in the South he [a homeless, hungry man] saw the golden oranges hanging on trees, the little golden oranges on the dark green trees; and guards with shotguns patrolling the lines so a man might not pick an orange for a thin child, oranges to be dumped if the price was low (318). In conclusion Steinbeck wants his readers to feel the pain of the Okies. They were discriminated against because of a circumstance (The Dust bowl) they had no control over. Steinbeck can relate to this inhumane treatment because he too had suffered teasing and hatred based solely on his physical characteristics. Nature handed the Okies and Steinbeck a bad hand and he wanted society to grasp the reality of human unkindness. Steinbeck writes, If you [land owners] could separate causes (hunger in a stomach, hunger in a single soul, hunger for joy and security) from results (growing labor unity, striking at new taxes, widening government), if you could know that Paine, Marx, Jefferson, Lenin, were results, not causes, you might survive. But that you can not know. For the quality of owning freezes you forever into I, and cuts you off forever from the we (Steinbeck 206). So we can use Steinbeck’s life experiences and historical references to use the Joads journey west to better understand the immigrant experience.